Acerola Fruit Standardised Extract
Also known as: Acerola, Barbados cherry, West Indian cherry, Acerola fruit extract, Malpighia emarginata
Overview
Acerola fruit extract is derived from the acerola cherry, a fruit renowned for its exceptionally high natural vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content, which often surpasses that of other vitamin C-rich fruits. Beyond vitamin C, it also contains other beneficial antioxidants such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Primarily utilized as a natural vitamin C supplement and antioxidant source, acerola extract is incorporated into dietary supplements and functional foods. It is valued for its potential to support immune function, provide antioxidant protection, and contribute to overall skin and general health. While research on acerola is moderately developed with numerous biochemical and nutritional studies, large-scale clinical trials specifically on standardized acerola extracts are limited. The existing evidence is mixed, with much data stemming from biochemical analyses and smaller clinical studies, and fewer large randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses focusing on its supplementation.
Benefits
Acerola extract's primary benefit is its potent natural vitamin C content, which is well-absorbed and may offer superior bioavailability compared to synthetic ascorbic acid. This enhances the body's antioxidant capacity and supports immune function. Studies, such as one by Uchida et al. (2011), suggest that components within acerola juice can improve vitamin C absorption and retention in humans. Secondary benefits include significant antioxidant effects attributed to its carotenoid and polyphenol content, which can help reduce oxidative stress. Acerola is particularly beneficial for individuals with vitamin C deficiency or those experiencing increased oxidative stress. The vitamin C content in acerola is remarkably high, ranging widely by genotype but capable of reaching up to 1345 mg per 100g of fresh fruit, significantly exceeding common fruits. While vitamin C absorption is rapid, its efficiency decreases at higher daily doses (above 500 mg).
How it works
The primary active compound in acerola extract is ascorbic acid, which functions as a water-soluble antioxidant. It neutralizes harmful free radicals and helps regenerate other antioxidants within the body. The unique matrix of compounds present in acerola may enhance the absorption of vitamin C compared to synthetic forms, potentially due to synergistic effects. At a molecular level, acerola's components target reactive oxygen species and enzymes involved in oxidative stress pathways, thereby mitigating cellular damage. Bioavailability studies indicate good absorption of vitamin C from acerola at moderate doses, although some degradation can occur during processing.
Side effects
Acerola fruit extract is generally considered safe, with no major adverse effects commonly reported in clinical studies. Rare and mild side effects may include gastrointestinal discomfort in individuals with high sensitivity. There are no significant drug interactions or contraindications that have been widely documented in the scientific literature. However, as with any vitamin C supplement, specific populations such as pregnant women or individuals with pre-existing kidney disorders should consult a healthcare provider before use. While excess vitamin C is typically excreted, very high doses can potentially lead to gastrointestinal upset, including diarrhea or stomach cramps. Overall, its natural origin and comprehensive nutrient profile contribute to its favorable safety profile.
Dosage
A minimum effective dose for acerola extract specifically has not been firmly established, but the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin C in adults is 75-90 mg per day. Acerola supplements commonly provide vitamin C doses ranging from 100 mg to 1000 mg per serving. The optimal dosage depends on individual needs and health goals. It's important to note that absorption efficiency of vitamin C begins to decrease at doses exceeding 500 mg per day. The timing of intake is flexible, as vitamin C is water-soluble and can be consumed with or without food. The form of the extract and its processing methods significantly influence vitamin C retention, with fresh or minimally processed extracts generally retaining higher levels of the vitamin.
FAQs
Is acerola better than synthetic vitamin C?
Evidence suggests that the vitamin C in acerola may be better absorbed due to its natural matrix effects and synergistic compounds, potentially offering enhanced bioavailability compared to synthetic ascorbic acid.
Can acerola extract replace vitamin C supplements?
Yes, acerola extract can serve as a natural alternative to synthetic vitamin C supplements, but it's crucial to consider the variability in its vitamin C content when determining appropriate dosing.
Are there risks of overdose with acerola?
Excess vitamin C from acerola is generally excreted by the body. However, very high doses can occasionally lead to mild gastrointestinal upset, such as diarrhea or stomach cramps.
Does processing reduce acerola's efficacy?
Yes, vitamin C is inherently unstable and can degrade significantly during various processing and storage methods, which can reduce the overall efficacy of acerola extracts.
Research Sources
- https://www.scielo.br/j/babt/a/HYCNp6BcVnMfBdLng3yJssS/ – This systematic review analyzed 83 studies on acerola genotypes, revealing wide variability in vitamin C and other quality traits due to genetic diversity. It highlighted that vitamin C content could range from 850-1345 mg/100g in some genotypes, providing high-quality data on genetic and quality aspects of acerola fruit, though not clinical outcomes.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6098779/ – This narrative review identifies acerola as one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C, suggesting that acerola's vitamin C is better absorbed than synthetic forms. It also notes that processing can reduce vitamin C retention by 6-29%, emphasizing the need for more bioavailability and toxicology studies on acerola.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12322136/ – This source, likely referencing Uchida et al. (2011), describes a randomized controlled trial in healthy Japanese adults. The study found that acerola juice improved the absorption and excretion of vitamin C compared to synthetic ascorbic acid, indicating better bioavailability from the natural source despite its small sample size and short duration.