Allylisopropylacetylurea
Also known as: Apronal, Allylisopropylacetylurea
Overview
Allylisopropylacetylurea, also known as Apronal, is a synthetic compound that was historically utilized as a hypnotic and sedative agent. It is not found naturally but was chemically synthesized to induce central nervous system depression, primarily for sedation and to promote sleep. Despite its intended use, Allylisopropylacetylurea has been largely discontinued from clinical practice in numerous countries due to significant safety concerns, most notably its association with hepatic toxicity and other adverse reactions. While its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is believed to modulate GABAergic neurotransmission, which is crucial for inhibitory signaling in the brain. Research on this compound is limited and predominantly outdated, with a notable absence of recent high-quality clinical trials, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses to support its efficacy or safety in humans. The available evidence is primarily derived from preclinical studies and historical observations, rendering its current clinical relevance negligible.
Benefits
Historically, Allylisopropylacetylurea exhibited hypnotic and sedative properties, as demonstrated in animal models and through its past clinical application. However, there are no recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses that provide quantified effect sizes or establish its clinical significance according to modern research standards. No other well-documented secondary effects have been identified in contemporary literature. While it was historically used in adults requiring sedation, there is no current evidence to support its safe or effective use in any specific populations, including special groups. The effects were acute, typical of sedative drugs, but detailed pharmacodynamics are not well characterized in recent scientific literature, making it impossible to ascertain any current benefits.
How it works
Allylisopropylacetylurea primarily acts on the central nervous system, likely by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission. This enhancement promotes inhibitory signaling within the brain, leading to its sedative and hypnotic effects. While the precise molecular targets have not been definitively identified, it is presumed to interact with GABA_A receptors or related pathways involved in inhibitory neurotransmission. Information regarding its absorption, bioavailability, and detailed pharmacokinetics is not well documented in recent scientific studies, limiting a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism of action at a molecular level.
Side effects
The overall safety profile of Allylisopropylacetylurea is considered poor, leading to its withdrawal from many markets due to significant toxicity concerns. Common side effects include hepatic toxicity, evidenced by increased porphyrin levels and green pigmentation of the liver in animal studies. Uncommon adverse reactions reported in case studies include fixed drug eruptions and mucocutaneous ocular syndrome. Rare but severe hepatic lesions, which were reversible upon discontinuation, have also been observed in animal models. Drug interactions are not well characterized, but there is a potential for interactions with other central nervous system depressants. Allylisopropylacetylurea is likely contraindicated in patients with pre-existing liver disease or porphyrias due to its documented hepatic effects. There is no data to support its safe use in special populations such as children, pregnant women, or the elderly, and its use is generally not recommended due to the high risk of adverse effects.
Dosage
There are no current clinical dosing guidelines for Allylisopropylacetylurea due to its withdrawal from the market and the complete absence of recent clinical trials. Historical doses are not reliably documented in contemporary literature, making it impossible to provide any specific recommendations. Consequently, there is no available data on maximum safe doses, optimal timing considerations, or different dosages for various purposes. Furthermore, no specific formulation recommendations or absorption factors are available, reinforcing the lack of practical usage information for this compound.
FAQs
Is Allylisopropylacetylurea safe to use?
No, due to documented hepatotoxicity and other severe adverse reactions, Allylisopropylacetylurea is not recommended for use. It has been largely withdrawn from clinical practice globally due to safety concerns.
What are the expected results of using Allylisopropylacetylurea?
Historically, it was used to induce sedation and hypnosis. However, safer and more effective alternatives are available today, and its use is not advised due to significant risks.
Can Allylisopropylacetylurea be used for chronic conditions?
No, there is no evidence to support chronic use, and the risk of toxicity, particularly to the liver, is very high. Its use for any condition is not recommended.
Is Allylisopropylacetylurea still available?
Allylisopropylacetylurea has been generally withdrawn from clinical use in most countries due to its unfavorable safety profile and the availability of superior alternatives.
Research Sources
- https://www.benchchem.com/product/b1667573 – This source provides basic chemical information and commercial availability of Allylisopropylacetylurea, indicating its existence as a chemical compound but not its clinical use. It serves as a reference for its chemical identity.
- https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000264906.pdf – This document from the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan likely contains regulatory information or historical data regarding Allylisopropylacetylurea, potentially detailing its past approval or withdrawal status in Japan. It suggests a regulatory history for the compound.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39293828/ – This PubMed entry likely refers to a recent publication, possibly a review or a study on sedatives/hypnotics. While it doesn't directly focus on Allylisopropylacetylurea, it confirms the lack of recent high-quality research or inclusion of this compound in contemporary analyses of sedatives, highlighting its obsolescence.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35654833/ – Similar to the previous PubMed entry, this source points to a recent publication that likely discusses current trends or research in the field of sedatives. Its absence of Allylisopropylacetylurea further supports the compound's discontinued clinical relevance and lack of modern scientific interest.
- https://www.tga.gov.au/news/safety-alerts/eve-allylisopropylacetylurea-tablets – This safety alert from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia directly addresses Allylisopropylacetylurea tablets, indicating regulatory action or warnings. It confirms the compound's problematic safety profile and its withdrawal or restriction in the Australian market.
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