Black Elderberry Standardised Extract
Also known as: Black elderberry, elderberry, Sambucus nigra
Overview
Black elderberry extract, derived from the fruit of Sambucus nigra, is a botanical supplement traditionally used for treating symptoms of the common cold and influenza. It is primarily utilized as an immune-supportive agent targeting viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Key characteristics include its antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the rich content of flavonoids and anthocyanins found in the extract. Research on black elderberry is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses available, though overall sample sizes tend to be relatively small. The evidence quality is considered promising, with meta-analyses highlighting its efficacy in symptom reduction, despite some noted heterogeneity and a limited number of large-scale trials.
Benefits
Black elderberry extract offers significant benefits, primarily in reducing the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms associated with the common cold and influenza. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (total n=180) found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) and large mean effect size for symptom reduction compared to placebo, indicating its strong efficacy in acute viral illnesses. Beyond primary symptom relief, elderberry may also help reduce the misuse of antibiotics by providing an effective alternative for viral URTIs. Some evidence suggests it modulates inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, which supports immune system activation without overstimulation. These effects have been observed in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, though more specific subpopulation data is needed. Benefits are typically observed within days of supplementation during acute illness episodes.
How it works
Black elderberry's therapeutic effects stem from its rich content of flavonoids and anthocyanins. These compounds exhibit antiviral activity by inhibiting viral replication and preventing viruses from entering host cells. Specifically, they can interfere with viral envelope proteins, thereby disrupting the infection process. Additionally, the extract modulates inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, which helps to enhance the body's immune response while preventing excessive inflammation. This dual action of direct antiviral effects and immunomodulation contributes to its efficacy against respiratory viruses. The bioavailability of these active compounds is influenced by the extract's standardization, with anthocyanins being the primary bioactive components absorbed.
Side effects
Black elderberry extract is generally considered safe, with no serious adverse events reported in clinical trials. Mild gastrointestinal discomfort is a rare but possible side effect. There is no evidence to suggest that elderberry causes immune overstimulation or a 'cytokine storm' in healthy individuals. High-quality studies have not documented any significant drug interactions or contraindications. However, caution is advised for special populations, such as pregnant women or immunocompromised individuals, due to a lack of robust data in these groups. As with any supplement, it is important to use standardized extracts and avoid consuming raw or unripe elderberries, which contain cyanogenic glycosides that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dosage
Effective doses of standardized black elderberry extract in clinical trials typically range from 300 mg to 600 mg daily during acute illness episodes. The optimal dosage is highly dependent on the extract's standardization, particularly its anthocyanin content, which is often standardized to 15-30%. For acute treatment of symptoms, the duration of supplementation in studies ranged from 3 to 7 days. There is no established maximum safe dose, and doses exceeding the studied ranges lack sufficient evidence for safety or increased efficacy. For maximal benefit, it is recommended to initiate supplementation at the very onset of symptoms.
FAQs
Is elderberry extract safe for daily use?
While short-term use during illness appears safe, there is limited data on the long-term safety of daily elderberry extract use. It is primarily recommended for acute symptom management.
Can elderberry prevent colds or flu?
Evidence for elderberry's preventive capabilities is less robust than for its treatment effects. Some studies suggest a possible benefit, but more research is needed to confirm its role in prevention.
Does elderberry interact with medications?
No significant drug interactions have been reported in randomized controlled trials. However, caution is advised if you are taking immunosuppressants, and consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.
How quickly does it work?
Symptom improvement is often reported within 2 to 3 days of starting elderberry supplementation, particularly when initiated at the first signs of illness.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. The study highlighted a large effect size for symptom reduction, supporting elderberry's efficacy in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, despite some heterogeneity among the included studies.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8026097/ – This systematic review with meta-analysis concluded that elderberry is safe and effective in reducing the severity of acute viral illnesses. It specifically noted that elderberry does not cause immune overstimulation, reinforcing its safety profile while demonstrating its ability to alleviate symptoms.
- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Elderberry-for-prevention-and-treatment-of-viral-a-Wieland-Piechotta/a168d4ee6fecde12f2ad538bc6b15f6520a3acd4 – This paper discusses the potential of elderberry for both prevention and treatment of viral infections. It highlights elderberry's immunomodulatory effects, including its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines, which contributes to its therapeutic action against respiratory viruses.
- https://magistralbr.caldic.com/storage/product-files/1899087739.pdf – This document provides an overview of elderberry's properties and applications, supporting its traditional use and modern research findings. It discusses the key bioactive compounds like anthocyanins and their role in elderberry's antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its efficacy in managing cold and flu symptoms.
