Black Pepper Fruit Supercritical Extract
Also known as: Piper nigrum, Black Pepper, Black Pepper Fruit Supercritical Extract, Piperine
Overview
Piperine, derived from black pepper (*Piper nigrum*), is a bioactive compound extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. It is primarily used to enhance the bioavailability of other nutrients, act as an antioxidant, and for its potential anti-inflammatory properties. Known for its pungent flavor and aroma, piperine has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. Research indicates that piperine significantly boosts the absorption of various nutrients by inhibiting enzymes involved in their metabolism. It is available in various forms, with supercritical extract being preferred for its high purity. Piperine's effects are generally observed within a few hours of consumption, making it a valuable addition to supplement formulations.
Benefits
Piperine's primary benefit is its ability to enhance the bioavailability of other nutrients. A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that piperine increased curcumin bioavailability by 2000%. This enhancement can improve the therapeutic efficacy of co-administered nutrients, particularly beneficial for elderly individuals or those with malabsorption issues. Piperine also possesses antioxidant properties, reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, as demonstrated in animal studies. These antioxidant effects may be beneficial for individuals with oxidative stress-related conditions. The bioavailability-enhancing effects are typically observed within a few hours of consumption.
How it works
Piperine enhances bioavailability by inhibiting the enzyme glucuronyl transferase, which is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and nutrients. This inhibition reduces the rate at which these substances are broken down, thereby increasing their absorption and extending their presence in the bloodstream. Piperine interacts with the gastrointestinal system and liver enzymes to facilitate this process. It is well-absorbed orally, with peak plasma levels reached within 1-2 hours. By targeting specific enzymes, piperine effectively increases the concentration and duration of action of co-administered compounds.
Side effects
Piperine is generally considered safe at recommended doses. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea and diarrhea, affecting more than 5% of users. Uncommon side effects, occurring in 1-5% of users, include allergic reactions like skin rashes. Rare but severe allergic reactions can occur in less than 1% of users. Piperine may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and some antidepressants, by altering their metabolism. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider before use. Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders or those taking medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes should use piperine with caution.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of piperine is typically 5-15 mg per day. Optimal dosage ranges from 10-20 mg per day, often taken with meals to enhance the bioavailability of co-administered nutrients. It is generally considered safe up to 50 mg per day, although higher doses may increase the risk of side effects. Piperine is best taken with meals or supplements to enhance bioavailability. Supercritical extract is preferred for its high purity. Fat-soluble vitamins and fatty meals can enhance piperine absorption. No specific cofactors are required, but it is often used with other supplements to enhance their bioavailability.
FAQs
How does black pepper fruit supercritical extract enhance bioavailability?
It enhances bioavailability by inhibiting glucuronyl transferase and other enzymes involved in nutrient metabolism, reducing their breakdown and increasing absorption.
Is it safe to take long-term?
Generally considered safe, but long-term studies are limited; consult a healthcare provider for prolonged use to ensure it does not negatively impact your health.
Can it interact with my medications?
Yes, it may interact with certain medications by altering their metabolism; consult a healthcare provider if you are taking any prescription drugs to avoid potential adverse effects.
Research Sources
- https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13380 – A systematic review and meta-analysis examined piperine's role in enhancing curcumin bioavailability. The review included multiple studies focusing on healthy adults and found that piperine significantly increased the bioavailability of curcumin and other nutrients. The study highlights the potential for piperine to improve the efficacy of co-administered supplements, though it notes heterogeneity in study designs and populations as a limitation.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.042 – An animal study investigated the antioxidant properties of piperine in rats. The study found that piperine reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzyme activities over a 30-day period. While the results are promising, the study's limitations include its animal model, necessitating human trials for confirmation of these antioxidant effects.
- https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2021.0132 – A randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed the safety and tolerability of piperine in 100 healthy adults over 30 days. The study found that piperine was well-tolerated with minimal side effects. The authors note that the short duration of the study and the need for larger, longer-term studies are limitations.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6499 – A study published in the European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences investigated the mechanism of piperine-mediated enhancement of curcumin bioavailability. The research focused on how piperine inhibits enzymes involved in the metabolism of curcumin, leading to increased bioavailability. This study provides valuable insights into the specific biological pathways through which piperine exerts its effects.
