Camomile Flower
Also known as: Chamomile, German chamomile, Roman chamomile, camomile flower, Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile, Matricaria chamomilla
Overview
Chamomile flower is a popular herbal supplement derived from the dried flowers of *Matricaria chamomilla* (German chamomile) or *Chamaemelum nobile* (Roman chamomile). It has been widely used in traditional medicine for its purported anxiolytic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, and gastrointestinal benefits. Its primary bioactive compounds include flavonoids, particularly apigenin, terpenoids, and essential oils. Research on chamomile is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews supporting its use for anxiety, sleep quality, and inflammation. While generally considered safe, the quality of evidence can be mixed, with some studies limited by sample size and heterogeneity, suggesting modest but statistically significant effects in specific conditions.
Benefits
Chamomile has demonstrated several evidence-based benefits. A 2019 meta-analysis of 12 RCTs indicated that chamomile significantly improved symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) as measured by the HAM-A scale after 2-4 weeks, with a mean difference of approximately -1.4 to -1.8 (p < 0.01). However, it did not significantly reduce general state anxiety. The same meta-analysis also reported a significant improvement in subjective sleep quality (standardized mean difference = -0.73, 95% CI [-1.23, -0.23], p < 0.005), though evidence for insomnia severity was limited. Furthermore, a 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs highlighted chamomile's anti-inflammatory properties, showing a significant reduction in mucositis severity and pain levels (p < 0.05). These benefits are primarily observed in adult populations with anxiety disorders or inflammatory conditions. The effects on GAD and sleep quality are modest but statistically significant, while anti-inflammatory effects are clinically relevant in conditions like mucositis.
How it works
Chamomile's therapeutic effects are primarily mediated by its bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids like apigenin. Apigenin is known to bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system, which contributes to its anxiolytic and sedative properties by modulating GABA-A receptor activity. The anti-inflammatory effects of chamomile are attributed to its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, such as COX-2, and to modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1β. This dual action on the nervous and immune systems allows chamomile to exert calming effects and reduce inflammation. Oral bioavailability of its active flavonoids is moderate, with some first-pass metabolism occurring in the liver.
Side effects
Chamomile is generally considered safe, with most reported adverse events being mild. The most common side effects include mild gastrointestinal discomfort and allergic reactions, particularly in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family (e.g., ragweed, daisies, chrysanthemums). Topical application may lead to skin irritation or rash in some cases. Rare but severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, have been reported, though they are exceedingly uncommon. Chamomile may interact with certain medications; caution is advised when used concurrently with anticoagulants due to its coumarin content, sedatives due to additive effects, and drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. It is contraindicated in individuals with known allergies to Asteraceae plants. Due to limited safety data, pregnant or breastfeeding women and children should use chamomile with caution and under medical supervision.
Dosage
The optimal dosage of chamomile varies depending on the formulation and intended use. For anxiety, studies have typically used standardized chamomile extracts ranging from 220 mg to 1100 mg daily. Tea preparations, while popular, offer inconsistent dosing due to variable active compound concentrations. For consistent therapeutic effects, standardized extracts are generally preferred. There is no well-established maximum safe dose, but it is generally considered safe within the studied ranges; high doses should be avoided without professional guidance. Benefits for anxiety and sleep quality are usually observed after 2-4 weeks of consistent daily use. Taking chamomile with food may enhance the absorption of its active compounds. No specific cofactors are required for its efficacy.
FAQs
Is chamomile effective for anxiety?
Yes, evidence suggests chamomile can modestly improve symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), but it may not be effective for general state anxiety.
Can chamomile improve sleep?
Chamomile has been shown to improve subjective sleep quality, but its effectiveness for severe insomnia is not well-established.
Is it safe for long-term use?
Chamomile is generally safe for long-term use with mild side effects, but extensive long-term safety data are still limited.
Can I use chamomile with other medications?
Caution is advised, especially with blood thinners and sedatives. Always consult a healthcare provider before combining chamomile with other medications.
How quickly will I notice effects?
For anxiety and sleep benefits, effects typically become noticeable after 2 to 4 weeks of consistent daily use.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31006899/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found that chamomile significantly improved GAD symptoms and sleep quality, but not general state anxiety or insomnia severity. It highlights chamomile's potential for specific anxiety and sleep issues, while noting limitations in broader applications.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6349 – This publication, likely related to the 2019 meta-analysis, provides detailed findings on chamomile's efficacy for GAD symptoms and sleep quality. It contributes to the understanding of chamomile's anxiolytic and sedative properties based on pooled data from multiple studies.
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13880209.2025.2530995 – This 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs demonstrated that chamomile significantly reduced mucositis severity and pain, confirming its anti-inflammatory potential. The study suggests chamomile as a natural alternative for managing inflammation and microbial infections, particularly in mucosal tissues.
