Certified Organic Zhi Shi Extract
Also known as: Zhi Shi, Immature Bitter Orange, Citrus aurantium extract, Citrus aurantium L. immature fruit extract
Overview
Certified Organic Zhi Shi Extract is derived from the immature fruit of Citrus aurantium, a plant traditionally used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for its digestive and cardiovascular benefits. It is primarily applied in the management of functional dyspepsia (FD), diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), and as an adjunctive therapy for coronary heart disease (CHD). The extract contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin), alkaloids (synephrine), and limonoids, which are believed to modulate gastrointestinal motility, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Research on Zhi Shi Extract is at a moderate maturity level, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, predominantly from Chinese clinical studies, supporting its efficacy. While the evidence includes systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs with moderate sample sizes, some heterogeneity and methodological limitations exist, indicating a need for further high-quality research.
Benefits
Zhi Shi Extract offers several evidence-based benefits, primarily in digestive and cardiovascular health. For Functional Dyspepsia (FD), a meta-analysis of 13 RCTs demonstrated that Zhi Shi Xiao Pi (ZSXP) decoction significantly improved the total effective rate (TER) compared to Western medicine (OR = 3.54, 95% CI: 2.49–5.05, p<0.00001), indicating superior symptom relief. In Diabetic Gastroparesis (DGP), a systematic review of 10 RCTs reported that ZSXPW improved the clinical effective rate over pharmacotherapy (RR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.32, p<0.0001), with some trials showing improved gastric emptying time. For Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), a meta-analysis of RCTs found that Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction (ZXGD) combined with Western medicine improved symptom rates and lipid profiles compared to Western medicine alone, though higher quality trials are still needed. Secondary effects, such as modulation of serum motilin and inflammatory markers, have been reported but with inconsistent or non-significant results. The benefits are primarily observed in adults with FD, DGP, and CHD, with most evidence originating from Chinese populations. Effect sizes suggest moderate clinical benefit, and symptom improvement is typically observed within weeks, though long-term data are limited.
How it works
Zhi Shi Extract exerts its effects primarily by enhancing gastrointestinal motility, likely through the modulation of motilin and other gut peptides. Its active compounds, including flavonoids and alkaloids, interact with the digestive system's smooth muscle and neuroendocrine pathways. Synephrine, an alkaloid present in the extract, acts as a mild adrenergic agonist, which may contribute to its effects on gut motility. Additionally, Zhi Shi is believed to possess anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties, which could contribute to its cardiovascular benefits by influencing lipid metabolism enzymes and endothelial function. The absorption and bioavailability of its active compounds are moderate, with extraction methods and formulation potentially influencing their uptake.
Side effects
Zhi Shi Extract is generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with no serious adverse events consistently reported. The most common side effect, occurring occasionally, is mild gastrointestinal discomfort. No uncommon (1-5%) or rare (<1%) side effects have been consistently documented. However, due to its synephrine content, which acts as a mild adrenergic agonist, there is a potential for interactions with adrenergic drugs. Caution is advised for individuals with pre-existing conditions such as severe hypertension or cardiovascular instability, as these are considered contraindications. Limited data are available regarding its safety in pregnant or lactating women, thus caution is advised for these special populations. Overall, while generally safe for short-to-medium term use, individuals with specific cardiovascular conditions or those on adrenergic medications should consult a healthcare professional before use.
Dosage
The dosage of Zhi Shi Extract is not yet standardized, as it varies significantly across traditional preparations and clinical studies. Typical doses in research correspond to traditional decoction amounts, often ranging from 6-12 grams of raw herb equivalent per day. These amounts are usually administered orally 2-3 times daily, either before or after meals. Clinical trials have utilized various forms, including decoctions, pills (such as Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan), and extracts standardized to specific active compounds like flavonoids or synephrine. While no maximum safe dose has been well-defined, and no dose-limiting toxicity has been reported in trials, precise dosing for specific conditions requires further study. The bioavailability of the extract may be influenced by the form of administration and could potentially be enhanced when co-administered with other herbs or food.
FAQs
Is Zhi Shi Extract safe for long-term use?
Current evidence supports the safety of Zhi Shi Extract for short- to medium-term use. However, long-term safety data are limited, and continued research is needed to fully assess its effects over extended periods.
Can it be used with Western medications?
Zhi Shi Extract is often used adjunctively with Western medications. However, due to its synephrine content, potential interactions with cardiovascular drugs, particularly adrenergic ones, require careful monitoring and professional medical advice.
How soon can benefits be expected?
Symptom improvement with Zhi Shi Extract typically begins to be observed within a few weeks of consistent use, though individual responses may vary depending on the condition and dosage.
Does it aid weight loss or metabolism?
While some components of Zhi Shi Extract may influence metabolism, weight loss is not its primary indication. The evidence supporting its use specifically for weight loss or significant metabolic benefits is currently insufficient.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11135732/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 RCTs on Functional Dyspepsia (FD) found that Zhi Shi Xiao Pi (ZSXP) decoction significantly improved the total effective rate compared to Western medicine, demonstrating its efficacy in symptom relief for FD patients. However, it noted heterogeneity in serum motilin data and that most studies were from China.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241594/ – This meta-analysis of multiple RCTs on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) indicated that Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction (ZXGD) combined with Western medicine improved symptoms and lipid profiles compared to Western medicine alone. The authors highlighted the need for higher quality RCTs due to the risk of bias in the included studies.
- https://f1000research.com/articles/11-861 – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 RCTs on Diabetic Gastroparesis (DGP) reported that ZSXPW improved the clinical effective rate and gastric emptying time compared to pharmacotherapy. The study noted consistent findings despite limitations such as small sample sizes and limited blinding in some included trials.
Supplements Containing Certified Organic Zhi Shi Extract
Recommended Articles
Glutamine Dosage for Gut Health: A Guide
Glutamine supports gut health with a recommended dosage of 5-30 grams per day, available in various supplement forms.
2025's Top Vegan Protein Powders: A Buyer's Guide
In 2025, the best vegan protein powders are third-party tested, ensuring purity, safety, and high nutritional content.
Top Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Ingredients
Curcumin, omega-3 fatty acids, CBD, and Vitamin D are proven to effectively reduce chronic inflammation.
Top NSF & Informed-Sport Certified Supplements
NSF Certified for Sport and Informed-Sport certifications ensure supplement safety and efficacy for athletes.