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Charantin

Also known as: Bitter melon, Bitter gourd, Charantin, *Momordica charantia*

Overview

*Momordica charantia*, commonly known as bitter melon, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, native to tropical and subtropical regions. It has been traditionally used in various cultures for its health-promoting properties, particularly in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic disorders. The plant contains several bioactive compounds, notably charantin, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. Though ongoing research has explored its potential benefits, the quality of evidence remains mixed, with some systematic reviews indicating significant effects while others report inconsistent findings. Available forms include the whole fruit, extracts, and capsules, and it is widely recognized in herbal medicine for its anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-obesity properties, though more robust clinical trials are necessary to confirm these claims.

Benefits

Research indicates a potential role for *Momordica charantia* in glycemic control, especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A systematic review showed reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and HbA1c levels, with reductions of -0.85 mmol/L, -2.28 mmol/L, and -0.38%, respectively. However, another meta-analysis found no significant effects on fasting glucose or other metabolic parameters, highlighting the need for further research. Patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome appear to benefit the most, with effects typically observed within weeks to months of supplementation. Secondary benefits suggested include potential reductions in total cholesterol, though this is less consistently supported across studies.

How it works

*Momordica charantia* is thought to enhance insulin sensitivity, inhibit glucose absorption in the gut, and stimulate insulin secretion, thus exerting antidiabetic effects. Its bioactive compounds, including charantin, may also impact lipid metabolism by reducing cholesterol synthesis and increasing bile acid excretion. These mechanisms suggest interaction with the endocrine system, predominantly influencing insulin and glucagon levels, while altering glucose dynamics in the digestive tract.

Side effects

Generally, *Momordica charantia* is considered safe when used as directed. Common side effects (greater than 5% occurrence) include increased appetite and headaches, with gastrointestinal discomfort, palpitations, and hypoglycemia noted less frequently (1-5%). Serious adverse events remain rare, typically linked to liquid forms or poor-quality products. There are noted drug interactions particularly with antidiabetic medications, and patients should be cautious due to the risk of hypoglycemia. Contraindications include pregnancy, breastfeeding, and known allergies to the Cucurbitaceae family. Elderly patients and those with diabetes should monitor glucose levels closely.

Dosage

Dosing guidelines for *Momordica charantia* typically recommend a range between 2g to 6g per day of the fruit or extract, with most studies showing benefits between 2g to 4g daily. High doses (beyond 6g) may increase the risk of adverse effects. It's often suggested to take the supplement with meals to optimize its glucose and lipid management effects. The form of supplementation, be it whole fruit, extract, or capsule, can influence absorption and bioavailability, highlighting the importance of considering these factors in dosage recommendations.

FAQs

How long does it take to see the effects?

Benefits are typically observed within a few weeks to a few months.

Can it be used with other medications?

It may interact with antidiabetic medications, so monitoring is advised.

What are the potential side effects?

Common side effects include increased appetite and headaches, while rare effects may include gastrointestinal discomfort and hypoglycemia.

Is it safe for long-term use?

The long-term safety is not fully established, and more research is needed.

Can it be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women?

No, due to the lack of safety data.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38784554/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of *Momordica charantia* on glycemic indices and lipid profiles in patients with T2DM, finding significant reductions in fasting glucose and other markers. It included 423 patients over various durations, underscoring the need for high-quality studies due to high heterogeneity.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38274207/ – Another systematic review and meta-analysis focused on the efficacy of bitter melon in treating metabolic syndrome. It involved 414 patients and reported no significant effects on fasting blood glucose or other metabolic measures, highlighting the variability and low power of existing studies.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1200801/full – A comprehensive systematic review assessed the possible harms associated with *Momordica charantia*. It included 1,320 participants, revealing no significant adverse events at daily doses below 6g, although clinical heterogeneity posed interpretation challenges.