Chinese Asparagus Root Tuber Extract
Also known as: Chinese Asparagus Root, Asparagus Root Tuber Extract, A. cochinchinensis root extract, Asparagus cochinchinensis
Overview
Chinese Asparagus Root Extract is derived from the tuberous roots of *Asparagus cochinchinensis*, a plant traditionally used in East Asian medicine. It is rich in bioactive compounds, including steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and glycosides, whose profiles vary depending on the extraction method (alcoholic, aqueous). Traditionally, it has been employed for respiratory conditions like asthma and pneumonia, gastrointestinal issues, and as an immunostimulant. Modern research is exploring its potential anticancer properties, particularly in colorectal cancer, as well as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The extract demonstrates bioactivities such as cell cycle modulation, apoptosis induction, and antioxidant capacity, primarily supported by preclinical studies.
Benefits
Chinese Asparagus Root Extract shows promising benefits, primarily in preclinical settings. Its most significant effect is anticancer activity, where extracts have been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116, LOVO) and reduce tumor growth in xenograft models, potentially by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This suggests a strong potential for cancer therapy, though human data is needed. Respiratory benefits have also been observed, with fermented root extracts reducing immune cell infiltration and IgE levels in asthma mouse models, indicating anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, the extract exhibits antioxidant activity by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, GPx) and reducing oxidative stress markers, mainly in animal models. Immunostimulant effects have been noted in immune-suppressed animal models, linked to its steroidal sapogenins. While these findings are robust in preclinical studies, human clinical evidence is currently insufficient to confirm these benefits in specific populations.
How it works
Chinese Asparagus Root Extract exerts its effects through multiple biological pathways. In cancer, it modulates key signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, leading to cell cycle arrest (specifically in the G0/G1 phase) and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. It interacts with the immune system by modulating respiratory immune responses, as seen in asthma models, and enhances the body's antioxidant system. Known molecular targets include TP53, AKT1, STAT1, MAPK1, IL6, EGFR, and ESR1, indicating broad interactions relevant to inflammation and cancer. The oral bioavailability of its key compounds, such as steroidal saponins, is moderate, and the specific extraction solvent significantly influences the bioactive compound profile and subsequent bioavailability.
Side effects
Chinese Asparagus Root Extract is generally considered safe based on its traditional use and preclinical studies, which have not reported significant toxicity at tested doses. However, comprehensive clinical safety data, including common, uncommon, or rare side effects, are not well documented in human trials. Therefore, the incidence and severity of potential adverse effects in humans remain largely unknown. No specific drug interactions have been well-documented, but caution is advised due to the potential for saponins to modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes, which could affect the metabolism of other medications. Contraindications are not established, but due to a lack of data, it is recommended to exercise caution during pregnancy and lactation. Furthermore, there is insufficient clinical safety data for vulnerable populations, warranting careful consideration before use in these groups.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose for Chinese Asparagus Root Extract has not been established in humans. Preclinical animal studies have utilized doses ranging from 50 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg (for fermented extracts) to observe effects. Consequently, optimal dosage ranges and the maximum safe dose for human consumption are currently unknown. Effects in animal models typically manifest after repeated dosing over days to weeks, suggesting that a similar time frame might be necessary for human benefits. The choice of extract form is important, as alcoholic extracts, rich in saponins, may exhibit different bioactivities compared to aqueous extracts. Fermented extracts have shown enhanced bioactivity in respiratory models. The extraction solvent and fermentation status significantly influence the bioavailability of the active compounds. No specific cofactors are identified as required for its efficacy.
FAQs
Is Chinese Asparagus Root Extract safe for long-term use?
Clinical safety data for long-term human use are lacking. While traditional use suggests a low incidence of adverse effects, rigorous human studies are needed to confirm its safety over extended periods.
Can it be used for cancer treatment?
Preclinical evidence supports its anticancer potential, particularly in colorectal cancer, by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, human clinical trials are necessary before it can be recommended for cancer treatment.
Does it help with asthma?
Animal studies indicate anti-asthmatic effects through immune modulation, reducing inflammation and IgE levels. However, human clinical evidence is currently absent, so its efficacy in human asthma is unconfirmed.
How soon can benefits be expected?
Preclinical studies show effects within days to weeks of consistent use. The time frame for observing benefits in humans is currently unknown due to a lack of clinical trials.
Is it better as an aqueous or alcoholic extract?
Alcoholic extracts tend to contain more steroidal saponins and may have stronger bioactivity for certain applications. Aqueous extracts contain other bioactive compounds. The 'better' choice depends on the intended therapeutic use and desired compound profile.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9237230/ – This network pharmacology and experimental validation study identified 157 potential drug targets of *A. cochinchinensis* saponins in colorectal cancer. In vitro and xenograft models demonstrated significant inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, primarily through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway modulation. The study highlights the extract's anticancer potential but notes the absence of human data.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.1024190/full – This animal model study investigated fermented *A. cochinchinensis* root extract, showing a significant reduction in asthma-related immune markers and histopathological improvements in OVA-challenged mice. The research used appropriate controls and dosing, providing strong preclinical evidence for anti-asthmatic effects, but emphasizes the need for human clinical trials.
- https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-6357/FIM-2023-00043 – This literature review analyzed bioactive compounds in asparagus roots, emphasizing how extraction methods and environmental factors influence compound profiles. It highlighted immunostimulant and antioxidant activities observed in animal models, while also pointing out the lack of reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans for these effects.
