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Chinese Hawthorn Extract

Also known as: Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, Chinese hawthorn, Shan Zha, Crataegus pinnatifida

Overview

Chinese hawthorn extract is derived from the fruit of *Crataegus pinnatifida*, a plant widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for cardiovascular and digestive health. It is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, compounds known for their antioxidant properties. Traditionally, it is used to promote blood circulation, reduce blood stasis, and support heart function. Modern applications focus on its lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, particularly in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic disorders. The research on Chinese hawthorn is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews supporting its efficacy, although more large-scale, high-quality trials are needed for definitive conclusions. It is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquid extracts.

Benefits

Chinese hawthorn extract offers several evidence-based benefits, primarily related to cardiovascular health. It significantly improves lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL-C, as demonstrated in a 2024 RCT. The extract also exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effects by lowering serum lipids, reducing oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function. Additionally, it possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, reducing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Some evidence suggests it can modestly reduce blood glucose levels in patients with metabolic syndrome or mild diabetes. Patients with mild hyperlipidemia or early-stage cardiovascular disease appear to benefit most from its use. Benefits on lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers are typically observed within weeks to a few months of consistent supplementation.

How it works

Chinese hawthorn extract exerts its beneficial effects through several biological pathways. Its polyphenols and flavonoids lower lipid levels by modulating lipid metabolism enzymes and enhancing cholesterol clearance. The antioxidant properties reduce reactive oxygen species, protecting the vascular endothelium from oxidative damage. The anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing vascular inflammation. It may also involve endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation, improving vascular function. The active compounds, such as flavonoids, have moderate bioavailability, and formulation and extraction methods influence absorption.

Side effects

Chinese hawthorn extract is generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile. The most common side effect is mild gastrointestinal discomfort, reported occasionally. Rare allergic reactions have been reported. No serious adverse events have been reported in controlled trials. However, potential interactions with cardiovascular drugs, such as anticoagulants, warrant caution. It should be used with caution in patients on blood thinners or with bleeding disorders. Safety in pregnancy and lactation is not well established. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using Chinese hawthorn extract, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions or are taking other medications.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose varies by extract standardization, but typical doses in studies range from 250 mg to 500 mg of standardized extract daily. An optimal dosage of around 500 mg/day of standardized hawthorn extract appears effective for lipid-lowering and cardiovascular benefits. Doses up to 1000 mg/day have been used without serious adverse effects, but the maximum safe dose is not well defined. It is usually administered orally, with or without food. Standardized extracts rich in flavonoids and polyphenols are preferred. Co-administration with food may enhance absorption. There are no specifically required cofactors.

FAQs

Is Chinese hawthorn extract safe for long-term use?

Current evidence suggests it is safe for several months of use, but long-term safety data are limited. Consult a healthcare professional for extended use.

How soon can benefits be expected?

Lipid and antioxidant effects may appear within 4–12 weeks of consistent supplementation. Individual results may vary.

Can it replace statins or other lipid-lowering drugs?

It may be complementary but should not replace prescribed medications without medical advice. Consult your doctor.

Are there any known drug interactions?

Yes, especially with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. Consult with a healthcare provider before use.

Does it help with weight loss?

No strong evidence supports weight loss effects. Its primary benefits are related to cardiovascular health.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38482041/ – This randomized controlled trial demonstrated that a hawthorn-based traditional Chinese medicine significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides and increased HDL-C in patients with mild hyperlipidemia. The study reported statistically significant results (p < 0.05) with clear clinical relevance, supporting hawthorn's efficacy in improving lipid profiles.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00118/full – This systematic review summarized hawthorn’s cardiovascular benefits, highlighting its lipid-lowering, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and endothelial protective effects. It included preclinical and clinical studies, supporting hawthorn’s role in atherosclerosis prevention. Limitations include heterogeneity of studies and variable extract standardization.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15593258241303136 – This study showed hawthorn fruit acids effectively lowered triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose levels in Chinese patients with mild metabolic disorders. The trial had appropriate controls and sample size, confirming hawthorn’s metabolic benefits, particularly in improving metabolic parameters.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Ffft2.413 – This study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of hawthorn extracts. It provides insights into the specific compounds responsible for hawthorn's health benefits, particularly its ability to combat oxidative stress.
https://www.meandqi.com/herb-database/hawthorn-berry – This resource provides general information on hawthorn berry, including its traditional uses and potential health benefits. It serves as a broad overview of hawthorn's applications in traditional medicine.