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Alaska Cod Liver Oil

Also known as: Alaska cod liver oil, cod liver oil, marine oil supplement, Gadus macrocephalus oil, Alaska Cod Liver Oil

Overview

Alaska cod liver oil is a dietary supplement extracted from the liver of the Alaska Pacific cod (*Gadus macrocephalus*). It is a rich, natural source of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), fat-soluble vitamins A and D, and other fatty acids like eicosenoic acid (ESA). Primarily used to support cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, improve joint health, and bolster immune function, it distinguishes itself from standard fish oil supplements through its unique combination of omega-3s and vitamins. Research on cod liver oil and omega-3 fatty acids is extensive, with numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses assessing their effects. The quality of evidence varies, with moderate support for arthritis pain relief and strong evidence for cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits. It is available in liquid and capsule forms.

Benefits

Alaska cod liver oil offers several evidence-based benefits. Omega-3 fatty acids in cod liver oil significantly increase serum levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), supporting neuroplasticity and cognitive health, as shown in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Meta-analyses also indicate that fish oil, including cod liver oil, can reduce heart rate, particularly in individuals with higher baseline heart rates or longer treatment durations, potentially reducing cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, cod liver oil reduces systemic inflammation, alleviating symptoms in conditions like arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis patients may experience pain relief, supported by moderate-quality evidence. These benefits typically require at least 12 weeks of consistent supplementation.

How it works

The primary mechanism of action involves the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, which modulate inflammatory pathways by altering eicosanoid synthesis, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing anti-inflammatory mediators. It supports the cardiovascular system by reducing heart rate and improving endothelial function. The nervous system benefits from increased BDNF levels, while the immune system is modulated through unique fatty acids like ESA. Molecular targets include cell membrane phospholipids, nuclear receptors (e.g., PPARs), and enzymes involved in inflammation (COX, LOX). Fat-soluble vitamins A and D in cod liver oil enhance absorption, and cold-water source oils like Alaska cod liver oil may have higher ESA content, potentially improving bioactivity.

Side effects

Alaska cod liver oil is generally safe when taken within recommended doses. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset and a fishy aftertaste, occurring in more than 5% of users. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) may include allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Rare side effects (less than 1%) involve hypervitaminosis A or D if overdosed, and an increased bleeding risk at very high doses due to omega-3 effects on platelet aggregation. It may interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs, increasing bleeding risk. Contraindications include vitamin A or D toxicity, bleeding disorders, and allergy to fish or fish products. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers due to the vitamin A content.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose is typically 1 gram per day of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA + DHA) for cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects. Optimal dosage ranges from 1 to 3 grams per day of EPA and DHA combined, with cod liver oil dosage adjusted to avoid excess vitamin A and D intake. The maximum safe dose is generally up to 3 grams/day of omega-3s; vitamin A intake should not exceed 3000 mcg/day to avoid toxicity. It is best taken with meals to enhance absorption. Liquid or capsule forms are available; ensure purity and absence of contaminants. Fat-soluble vitamins require dietary fat for optimal absorption. No specific cofactors are required, but a balanced diet supports efficacy.

FAQs

Is Alaska cod liver oil better than regular fish oil?

It contains additional vitamins A and D and potentially higher ESA levels, which may provide added benefits beyond standard fish oil, particularly for immune modulation and overall health.

How long until benefits appear?

Cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits generally appear after 8-12 weeks of consistent use, as demonstrated in studies on heart rate reduction and inflammation markers.

Is it safe to take daily?

Yes, within recommended doses. Exercise caution regarding vitamin A and D levels to avoid toxicity, especially if consuming other supplements containing these vitamins.

Can it help with arthritis pain?

Moderate evidence supports pain reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients, likely due to the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids present in cod liver oil.

Does it improve brain function?

Increased BDNF levels suggest potential cognitive benefits, supported by omega-3 research. BDNF is crucial for neuroplasticity and overall brain health.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37589276/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids significantly increase serum BDNF levels. The findings support the role of omega-3 supplementation in promoting neuroplasticity and cognitive health across various populations.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9831136/ – This review highlights the therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acids in immune disorders, noting that Alaska cod liver oil contains higher levels of ESA. The presence of ESA may contribute to enhanced immune modulation compared to standard fish oils.
https://www.healthline.com/health/cod-liver-oil-vs-fish-oil – This article provides a general comparison between cod liver oil and fish oil, highlighting the key differences in nutrient profiles. It emphasizes that cod liver oil contains additional vitamins A and D, which may offer unique health benefits beyond those of standard fish oil.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/42 – This systematic review examined the effects of marine oil supplements on arthritis pain. The review found moderate-quality evidence supporting pain relief in rheumatoid arthritis patients, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for marine oils in managing arthritis symptoms.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.105.556886 – This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigated the effect of fish oil on heart rate. The results indicated that fish oil reduces heart rate, particularly with longer treatment durations and in individuals with higher baseline heart rates, suggesting a potential mechanism for cardiovascular risk reduction.