Cordyceps Mushroom
Also known as: Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps mushroom, caterpillar fungus, Dong Chong Xia Cao
Overview
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as Cordyceps mushroom or caterpillar fungus, is a fungus that parasitizes the larvae of certain moths, primarily found in the high-altitude regions of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine for centuries and is now available as a dietary supplement. This fungus is rich in bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleosides, which contribute to its various health benefits. Research suggests that Ophiocordyceps sinensis possesses immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It is often used as an adjuvant treatment for conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease, as well as to support immune function in patients undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation. The available evidence is generally of moderate to high quality, with ongoing research exploring its potential applications.
Benefits
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has several evidence-based benefits, particularly in improving renal function and modulating the immune system. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that it can improve renal function in patients with CKD, as indicated by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and 24-hour urinary protein (24UP). Significant reductions in inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have also been observed. Furthermore, it enhances immune function by increasing the activity of natural killer cells and stimulating cytokine production from macrophages. In kidney transplant patients, Ophiocordyceps sinensis may reduce cardiovascular risk factors and improve graft survival rates when used as an adjuvant to immunosuppressant therapy. Benefits are typically observed within 6-12 months of treatment.
How it works
Ophiocordyceps sinensis exerts its effects through several biological pathways. It modulates the immune system by regulating the release of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), exhibiting both potentiating and suppressive effects. It activates macrophages and enhances the activity of natural killer cells, contributing to its immunomodulatory effects. The bioactive compounds in Ophiocordyceps sinensis interact with various molecular targets, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and cytokine receptors. It influences the adaptive immune system, including cellular and humoral immunity, and has anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the levels of inflammatory markers. The absorption and bioavailability of its compounds can vary depending on the form of the supplement and individual health status.
Side effects
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is generally considered safe when used as directed, but the quality of safety reporting in some studies is poor. Common side effects are not well-documented, but most studies indicate that it is well-tolerated. Potential drug interactions exist, particularly with immunosuppressant drugs, although studies suggest it can be safely used in combination with these therapies to reduce treatment-induced nephrotoxicity. There are no clear contraindications reported, but caution is advised in patients with severe immune deficiencies or those undergoing other immunomodulatory treatments. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use Ophiocordyceps sinensis under medical supervision due to the lack of specific safety data in these populations. It is important to monitor for any adverse effects, especially in combination with other medications.
Dosage
Typical dosages of Ophiocordyceps sinensis range from 1-3 grams per day of the dried fungus or its extracts. Optimal dosages vary, but studies often use doses between 1-3 grams per day. There is no established maximum safe dose, but doses up to 3 grams per day have been used without significant adverse effects. The timing of administration is not critical, but it is typically taken with meals to enhance absorption. Capsules or extracts are common forms, with the extract form potentially offering better bioavailability. Absorption may be influenced by the presence of other nutrients and the individual's digestive health. No specific cofactors are required, but a balanced diet and adequate hydration may enhance its effects.
FAQs
Is Ophiocordyceps sinensis safe to use?
It is generally safe, but monitor for adverse effects, especially when combined with other medications. Consult a healthcare provider before use, particularly if you have underlying health conditions.
When is the best time to take Ophiocordyceps sinensis?
It can be taken at any time of day, but taking it with meals may help with absorption. Consistency in timing can help maintain stable levels in the body.
How long does it take to see results?
Improvements in renal function and inflammatory markers can be expected within 6-12 months of consistent use. Individual results may vary based on health status.
Can Ophiocordyceps sinensis replace standard medical treatment?
No, it is not a replacement for standard medical treatment but rather an adjuvant therapy. It should be used in conjunction with prescribed medications and medical advice.
Are there any specific precautions I should take?
If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have an autoimmune condition, consult your healthcare provider before using Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Monitor for any allergic reactions or adverse effects.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1360997/full – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 RCTs (2,914 patients) found that Ophiocordyceps sinensis significantly improved renal function, dialysis adequacy, and reduced vascular access problems in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). The study highlights the potential benefits of Ophiocordyceps sinensis as an adjuvant therapy for dialysis patients, though it notes heterogeneity among studies and poor reporting of methods in some cases.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1342831/full – This meta-analysis and network pharmacology study involving 31 RCTs with CKD patients showed that Ophiocordyceps sinensis significantly reduced BUN, Scr, 24UP, and inflammatory markers. The study suggests that Ophiocordyceps sinensis can improve renal function and reduce inflammation in CKD patients, but it excluded studies with alternative treatments like dialysis or kidney transplantation.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28137532/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 RCTs involving kidney transplant patients indicated that Ophiocordyceps sinensis had comparable acute rejection rates and graft survival rates to azathioprine-based therapy, with better kidney function and reduced treatment-induced nephrotoxicity. The study suggests that Ophiocordyceps sinensis can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy for kidney transplant patients, though it notes poor reporting of methods and adverse events in some studies.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92758/ – This resource provides an overview of Cordyceps, detailing its traditional uses and bioactive compounds. It highlights the immunomodulatory effects of Cordyceps, including its ability to regulate cytokine release and enhance natural killer cell activity, contributing to its therapeutic potential.
- https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2022/11180/effects_and_safety_of_ophiocordyceps_sinensis.114.aspx – This study reviews the effects and safety of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, focusing on its use in improving renal function and reducing inflammation. It emphasizes the importance of considering the quality of safety reporting in studies and suggests that while generally safe, monitoring for adverse effects is crucial, especially when combined with other medications.
Supplements Containing Cordyceps Mushroom

Adrenal Rx
L.A. Naturals

Maitake Defense
Gaia Herbs DailyWellness
Renewable Energy Pomegranate Berry & Beet Flavor
Ora

Fermented Cordyceps 500 mg
Solaray

Men's Fermented Multivitamin
Codeage

Adaptogen Formula
plnt

Defend Mixed Berry
Javita activeblendz
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