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Corosolic

Also known as: Corosolic acid, 2α-hydroxyursolic acid

Overview

Corosolic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid acid primarily isolated from the leaves of *Eriobotrya japonica*, commonly known as banaba. Traditionally used in herbal medicine for blood sugar control, it is investigated for its potential effects on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and lipid regulation, particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Research indicates that corosolic acid exhibits insulin-like effects, enhancing glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in liver cells, and modulating lipid metabolism. While several preclinical studies and small-scale human trials exist, large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) specifically on corosolic acid alone are limited. The current evidence, derived from in vitro, animal models, and small human trials, suggests its promise as a phytochemical supplement for metabolic health.

Benefits

Corosolic acid primarily offers benefits related to glucose and lipid metabolism. Its most significant effect is the reduction of blood glucose levels, observed in both T2D models and human subjects. For instance, a small RCT reported that doses of 32 mg and 48 mg led to a 10.7% and 30% reduction in blood glucose, respectively, within 45 days. It also enhances glucose consumption and glycogen storage in insulin-resistant liver cells, showing effects comparable to metformin in vitro. Secondary benefits include improvements in lipid metabolism and reduction of hyperlipidemia, as demonstrated in animal models. These benefits are mainly observed in T2D patients and insulin-resistant individuals, with limited evidence in healthy populations. The glucose-lowering effects are moderate and show a dose-response relationship, with effects typically observed within weeks in experimental settings.

How it works

Corosolic acid exerts its effects primarily by mimicking insulin action and enhancing glucose uptake in cells. It stimulates glycogen synthesis and reduces glycogen degradation in hepatocytes, contributing to improved glucose regulation. The compound also modulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α and PPAR-γ), which are crucial for improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, corosolic acid may inhibit alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, thereby reducing postprandial glucose absorption. Its actions primarily target the liver and adipose tissue, influencing glucose transport pathways and interacting with key enzymes like glucokinase, ultimately improving overall glucose and lipid metabolism.

Side effects

Corosolic acid is generally well tolerated in the small human trials conducted, with no serious adverse events reported. However, due to the limited human data, common, uncommon, or rare side effects are not well documented. No significant side effects have been reported in the available randomized controlled trials. Caution is advised when combining corosolic acid with other hypoglycemic agents, such as prescription diabetes medications, due to the potential for additive effects that could lead to excessively low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Contraindications are not clearly established, but due to a lack of sufficient safety data, it is recommended to exercise caution in pregnant or lactating individuals, and those with severe hepatic or renal impairment. The safety profile for long-term use is also not yet established.

Dosage

Based on current human studies, the optimal dosage for corosolic acid appears to be in the range of 32–48 mg daily. A dose-response relationship has been noted, with significant glucose lowering observed at 32 mg and above. While approximately 16 mg showed some effect, higher doses yielded more pronounced results. The maximum safe dose has not been clearly established, as doses above 48 mg have not been extensively studied in humans. Dosing schedules in short-term studies typically involved daily administration. The form of the supplement may influence efficacy; soft gelatin capsules have shown better bioavailability and efficacy compared to hard gelatin capsules in some studies. There are no known required cofactors for its absorption or activity.

FAQs

Is corosolic acid safe for long-term use?

Long-term safety data for corosolic acid are currently lacking. Existing evidence supports its short-term tolerability, but more research is needed to confirm safety over extended periods.

Can corosolic acid replace diabetes medications?

No, corosolic acid should not replace prescribed diabetes medications. Current evidence suggests it may be used as an adjunctive therapy, but not as a standalone treatment for diabetes.

How quickly does corosolic acid work?

Blood glucose reductions have been observed within weeks in small human trials. The exact onset of action can vary depending on individual factors and dosage.

Does corosolic acid affect weight?

Some animal studies suggest improvements in lipid metabolism, which could indirectly influence weight. However, human data specifically on weight effects of corosolic acid are insufficient to draw conclusions.

Research Sources

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40934-7 – This preclinical study investigated corosolic acid's effects using in vitro models (HepG2 cells) and animal models (zebrafish, STZ-induced diabetic rats). It found that corosolic acid increased glucose consumption and glycogen storage in cells and improved hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic animal models. The study provides mechanistic insights but lacks human clinical confirmation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279062/ – This source, a book chapter, references a small randomized controlled trial involving 10 T2D patients. The study reported that 32 mg and 48 mg doses of corosolic acid significantly reduced blood glucose by 10.7% and 30% respectively over 45 days. It also noted that soft gelatin capsules were more effective, suggesting formulation impacts efficacy. However, the study had a small sample size, no placebo control, and a short duration, limiting its generalizability.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.1013055/full – This systematic review/meta-analysis focuses on related compounds like Berberine, highlighting the importance of dose-response relationships and metabolic effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors. While not specific to corosolic acid, it provides indirect evidence and context for understanding the metabolic effects of similar natural compounds, emphasizing the need for high-quality research in this area.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5067667/ – This source, likely a review or research article, contributes to the broader understanding of natural compounds' roles in metabolic health. While the specific findings related to corosolic acid are not detailed in the provided text, its inclusion suggests it supports the general scientific inquiry into the efficacy and mechanisms of phytochemicals for conditions like diabetes and metabolic syndrome.