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Vitamin A (as 4,500 mcg RAE) (as Mixed Carotenoids from Betatene®)

Also known as: Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE), β-carotene, α-carotene, cryptoxanthin, Provitamin A carotenoids, mixed carotenoid complex

Overview

Vitamin A, provided as 4,500 mcg RAE from mixed carotenoids (like those from Betatene®, derived from *Dunaliella salina* algae), equates to approximately 15,000 IU. Carotenoids, including β-carotene, α-carotene, and cryptoxanthin, are precursors to retinol, the active form of Vitamin A. These carotenoids are naturally found in sources like carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in antioxidant defense, maintaining sufficient vitamin A levels, and supporting immune function. Research suggests potential benefits in metabolic health and mood, although further studies are needed to confirm these effects. While generally safe, smokers should exercise caution with β-carotene supplementation due to potential interactions.

Benefits

The primary benefits of mixed carotenoids include maintaining vitamin A sufficiency and providing antioxidant support. Studies suggest that carotenoid supplementation can prevent vitamin A deficiency, with an odds ratio of 0.82 in individuals with adequate diets. β-carotene supplementation at 6mg/day has been shown to increase plasma carotenoid levels by 2-3 times, enhancing antioxidant capacity. Emerging research indicates a potential association between higher carotenoid intake and a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome, with one study reporting a 14% lower odds per standard deviation increase in carotenoid levels. Additionally, cross-sectional data suggests a correlation between vitamin A intake and a lower risk of depression. However, evidence for routine supplementation during pregnancy is insufficient, while elderly individuals may experience benefits in maintaining retinal function.

How it works

Mixed carotenoids function as provitamin A, converting into retinol within the body at a ratio of 1:12 RAE for β-carotene. This conversion primarily occurs in enterocytes via the BCO1 enzyme. Carotenoids also act as antioxidants, potentially activating the Nrf2 pathway to enhance the body's antioxidant response. Furthermore, they may modulate PPAR-γ, influencing lipid metabolism. Absorption of carotenoids varies between 3-22% depending on dietary factors, with bioavailability enhanced by consuming 3-5g of dietary fat per meal. These mechanisms contribute to the overall benefits of vitamin A in supporting vision, immune function, and cellular health.

Side effects

Acute toxicity from mixed carotenoids is rare at doses below 10,000 IU/kg. Chronic intake of high doses (above 30mg/day) may lead to hypercarotenodermia, a harmless yellowing of the skin. A possible interaction exists between β-carotene supplementation and smoking, with some studies suggesting caution in smokers. Drug interactions include reduced absorption of carotenoids with Orlistat (by 30%) and additive toxicity risks when taken with retinoids. Contraindications include a history of hypervitaminosis A and cholestatic liver disease. It's important to note that while carotenoids are generally safe, individuals with specific health conditions or those taking certain medications should consult with a healthcare professional before supplementing.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of vitamin A from mixed carotenoids is 500mcg RAE per day to meet basal needs. An optimal range for supplementation is between 3,000-4,500mcg RAE. While there is no established upper limit for carotenoids, the upper limit for preformed vitamin A is 10,000mcg RAE. It is recommended to take carotenoid supplements with the largest fat-containing meal to enhance absorption. Zinc is a crucial cofactor, as it is required for retinol-binding protein synthesis. Individual needs may vary, and it's advisable to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage.

FAQs

Does this dose exceed safety limits?

No, 4,500mcg RAE from carotenoids has no established upper limit (UL), unlike preformed vitamin A, making it a safe dosage for most individuals.

How long until effects appear?

Plasma levels of carotenoids typically increase within 48 hours of supplementation, but it may take 2-4 weeks for tissue saturation and noticeable effects.

Is mixed carotenoids better than isolated β-carotene?

Yes, mixed carotenoids generally exhibit 20-30% higher bioavailability compared to single forms of β-carotene, potentially leading to better absorption and utilization.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22742601/ – This study investigates the impact of carotenoid supplementation on various health outcomes. The research focuses on the bioavailability and efficacy of different carotenoid forms, highlighting their potential roles in disease prevention and overall health maintenance. The findings contribute to understanding the importance of carotenoids in a balanced diet and their potential therapeutic applications.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30202882/ – This research explores the relationship between carotenoid intake and metabolic syndrome. The study examines how different levels of carotenoids in the diet correlate with the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels. The results suggest that a diet rich in carotenoids may have a protective effect against metabolic syndrome.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/5/e078053 – This study investigates the effects of vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy. The research focuses on the impact of vitamin A on maternal and fetal health outcomes, including birth defects and pregnancy complications. The findings contribute to the understanding of the role of vitamin A in prenatal care and the potential risks and benefits of supplementation.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.881139/full – This cross-sectional study (n=13,348) found an inverse association between vitamin A intake and depression (p<0.001). The observational design limits the ability to establish causation, but the findings suggest a potential link between vitamin A status and mental health.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.872310/full – This RCT meta-analysis (n=184,179) found no mortality benefit from vitamin A supplementation (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99-1.09). A subgroup analysis indicated a potential elevated risk in smokers, highlighting the importance of considering smoking status when evaluating vitamin A supplementation.