Dicalcium Phopshate
Also known as: DCP, calcium hydrogen phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD, anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, DCPA, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium monohydrogen phosphate, Dicalcium phosphate
Overview
Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) is an inorganic compound chemically known as calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO4). It serves as a vital dietary supplement, providing both calcium and phosphorus, two minerals indispensable for maintaining robust bone health. DCP is widely utilized in various applications, including food fortification, pharmaceutical formulations, and animal feed. Its primary role as a supplement is to address calcium and phosphorus deficiencies, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, the elderly, and individuals with osteoporosis. It is also incorporated into biomaterials and bone graft substitutes for bone regeneration purposes. DCP provides bioavailable calcium and phosphate ions, and its absorption is often enhanced when co-administered with vitamin D. Research on DCP, particularly as a source of calcium, is extensive, with numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses supporting its efficacy in improving bone mineral density and content.
Benefits
Dicalcium phosphate, as a source of calcium and phosphorus, offers significant benefits for bone health. Calcium supplementation, including sources like DCP, has been shown to significantly improve bone mass parameters such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), particularly at the femoral neck, with small to medium effect sizes (standardized mean difference [SMD] ≥0.20 to <0.80). This effect is especially pronounced in young individuals under 35 years of age, particularly those with low baseline calcium intake (<714 mg/day). For instance, a meta-analysis by Liu et al. (2022) highlighted these improvements in young people. Beyond general supplementation, calcium phosphate-based materials, including DCP, when enhanced with bioinorganics like strontium or magnesium, have demonstrated improved bone regeneration and new bone formation in preclinical models, with a significant increase in bone formation (SMD 1.43, 95% CI 1.13–1.73) as noted by Lodoso-Torrecilla et al. (2020). While elderly populations, especially postmenopausal women, benefit from calcium plus vitamin D supplementation for bone health, cardiovascular safety considerations are ongoing. The benefits on bone mass are observed during supplementation and can persist depending on duration and baseline intake.
How it works
Dicalcium phosphate functions by supplying essential calcium and phosphate ions, which are the fundamental building blocks for hydroxyapatite crystal formation, the primary mineral component of bone matrix. These ions are crucial for the mineralization and continuous remodeling processes of the skeletal system. Calcium absorption is significantly influenced by vitamin D, which facilitates its uptake in the gut. The body's calcium-sensing receptors, located in the gut and bone cells, play a key role in regulating calcium absorption and bone turnover. Dicalcium phosphate is moderately soluble, and its bioavailability can be influenced by factors such as gastric pH and the presence of vitamin D, ensuring that the necessary ions are available for bone health.
Side effects
Dicalcium phosphate is generally considered safe when consumed within recommended dosages. Common side effects are minimal, with some individuals experiencing mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon side effects, occurring in 1-5% of users, may include constipation or bloating. Rare side effects, affecting less than 1% of users, primarily involve hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels), which typically occurs only with overdose or in individuals predisposed to high calcium levels. Dicalcium phosphate can interact with certain medications, potentially interfering with the absorption of antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. It is contraindicated in individuals with pre-existing hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, or certain kidney diseases. Caution is advised for patients with renal impairment, as their ability to excrete excess calcium and phosphorus may be compromised, increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Dosage
For effective bone health support, calcium supplementation, including dicalcium phosphate as a source, is typically effective at doses of 500 mg elemental calcium per day or more. Clinical trials and meta-analyses frequently utilize doses around 1000 mg elemental calcium per day. The optimal dosage range for adults is generally 1000–1500 mg elemental calcium per day, often combined with vitamin D (400–2000 IU/day) to enhance absorption. The maximum safe dose is typically up to 2000–2500 mg elemental calcium per day; exceeding this limit increases the risk of adverse effects. To improve absorption and minimize potential gastrointestinal discomfort, it is recommended to take divided doses with meals. Dicalcium phosphate is a suitable calcium source for both supplements and fortified foods. Adequate vitamin D levels are crucial for maximizing calcium absorption, and magnesium is also a required cofactor for calcium utilization.
FAQs
Is dicalcium phosphate effective for bone health?
Yes, as a source of calcium and phosphorus, dicalcium phosphate supports bone mineralization and density, with strong evidence from general calcium supplementation studies.
Is it safe to take long-term?
Yes, dicalcium phosphate is generally safe for long-term use within recommended doses. Individuals with specific health conditions should consult a healthcare provider.
Does it require vitamin D?
While not strictly required, vitamin D significantly enhances the absorption and overall efficacy of calcium from dicalcium phosphate for bone health.
How soon can one expect to see benefits?
Improvements in bone density from dicalcium phosphate supplementation are typically gradual and may become noticeable after several months to years of consistent use.
Research Sources
- https://elifesciences.org/articles/79002 – This systematic review and meta-analysis by Liu et al. (2022) investigated the effects of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in young individuals under 35 years. It concluded that calcium supplementation significantly improves these bone parameters, particularly at the femoral neck, with small to medium effect sizes, highlighting its importance for bone health in younger populations.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10111600/ – Huo et al. (2023) conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving over 46,000 older adults, primarily women, to assess the cardiovascular outcomes of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation. The study found no significant increase in cardiovascular disease risk, supporting the overall safety profile of this supplementation regimen in older populations.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729591/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis by Lodoso-Torrecilla et al. (2020) focused on preclinical studies of calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes, including dicalcium phosphate, enhanced with bioinorganics. The findings indicated that such enhancements significantly improve new bone formation, suggesting potential for these materials in bone regeneration applications.