Dried Roman Chamomile Flowers Extract
Also known as: Roman chamomile, German chamomile, Dried Roman Chamomile Flowers Extract, Matricaria chamomilla L.
Overview
Dried Roman Chamomile Flowers Extract is derived from the dried flowers of Matricaria chamomilla, a plant traditionally recognized for its calming and anti-inflammatory properties. Its primary applications include alleviating symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), improving sleep quality, and acting as an anti-inflammatory agent. The extract contains bioactive flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, and ferulic acid, which are believed to be responsible for its therapeutic effects. Research into Roman chamomile is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews supporting its use, particularly for GAD and sleep. While evidence is promising, further large-scale RCTs are needed to solidify its efficacy across all potential applications.
Benefits
Roman chamomile extract has demonstrated significant benefits, particularly for mental well-being and inflammation. For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), studies show significant improvement in symptoms, with mean differences on the HAM-A scale ranging from -1.43 to -1.79 (p < 0.01) after 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. Sleep quality also significantly improves, with a standardized mean difference of approximately -0.73 (p < 0.005). These benefits are primarily observed in adults with anxiety disorders and elderly populations for sleep. Furthermore, preclinical studies and some human trials indicate anti-inflammatory effects, with reductions in nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-8, and MCP-1, mediated by flavonoids such as apigenin and luteolin. In cancer patients, it has shown promise in reducing complications like oral mucositis and skin dermatitis, and improving quality of life, although some results did not reach statistical significance. The strength of evidence for GAD and sleep quality is moderate, with moderate effect sizes, suggesting clinical significance.
How it works
The therapeutic effects of Roman chamomile extract are primarily attributed to its flavonoid content, particularly apigenin and luteolin. Its anxiolytic effects are thought to involve modulation of GABAergic and serotonergic pathways, with apigenin potentially binding to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. The anti-inflammatory actions are mediated by the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-8, and MCP-1. Network pharmacology studies also suggest interactions with proteins like LRRK2, which are relevant to anxiety. The bioavailability of these flavonoids is moderate, with hydroalcoholic extracts generally enhancing absorption compared to aqueous forms, and flavonoid glycosides requiring enzymatic hydrolysis for optimal uptake.
Side effects
Roman chamomile extract is generally considered safe, with most reported adverse events being mild and infrequent. The most common side effects, occurring in less than 5% of users, include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Allergic reactions are rare but can occur, especially in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family (e.g., ragweed, marigolds, daisies). Uncommon side effects (1-5%) may include mild sedation, particularly at higher doses, and skin irritation if used topically. Hypersensitivity reactions are very rare (<1%). Regarding drug interactions, caution is advised when combining Roman chamomile with central nervous system (CNS) depressants (e.g., sedatives, alcohol) due to potential additive sedative effects. There is also a theoretical concern for mild antiplatelet effects, so individuals on anticoagulant medications should consult a healthcare provider. Contraindications include a known allergy to chamomile or other Asteraceae plants. Due to limited safety data, caution is recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Data in children are also limited, though elderly populations have generally shown good tolerance in studies focusing on sleep quality.
Dosage
The optimal dosage for dried Roman chamomile flowers extract varies depending on the desired effect and the specific extract concentration. Clinical trials have utilized daily doses ranging from 220 mg to 1100 mg of standardized extract. For anxiety and sleep benefits, a common dosage range is 220–1100 mg per day. The maximum safe dose has not been definitively established, but doses up to 1100 mg/day have been well-tolerated in studies. To observe anxiolytic effects, daily dosing for at least 2 to 4 weeks is typically required. Hydroalcoholic extracts are often preferred due to their enhanced bioavailability compared to aqueous forms like teas. While traditional teas and infusions are used, they offer less standardized dosing. Absorption of flavonoids can be influenced by co-administration with food, and flavonoid glycosides require enzymatic hydrolysis for optimal uptake. No specific cofactors are identified as essential for its efficacy, but overall good nutrition supports flavonoid metabolism.
FAQs
Is chamomile effective for anxiety?
Evidence supports modest efficacy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with improvements typically seen after 2-4 weeks. Its effects on general anxiety and insomnia are less consistently demonstrated.
Is it safe to use long-term?
Roman chamomile is generally safe with mild side effects. However, long-term safety data are limited, so consultation with a healthcare provider for extended use is advisable.
When will I see results?
Improvements in anxiety symptoms are typically observed after 2 to 4 weeks of consistent use. Sleep quality may show improvements somewhat sooner.
Can it be used with other medications?
Caution is advised with CNS depressants and anticoagulants due to potential interactions. Always consult your healthcare provider before combining with other medications.
Is dried flower extract better than tea?
Extracts are generally more standardized in their active compound content, potentially offering more consistent dosing and effects compared to traditional chamomile teas.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31006899/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found significant improvements in GAD symptoms and sleep quality with chamomile extract. It noted mild adverse events but no effect on general anxiety or insomnia, highlighting the need for more targeted research.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6349 – This publication, likely a part of the same meta-analysis, reinforces the findings regarding chamomile's efficacy for GAD and sleep. It details the statistical methods and heterogeneity across studies, providing a robust assessment of the evidence.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9611340/ – This review of pharmacological studies, primarily preclinical, elucidated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of chamomile extracts. It identified apigenin and luteolin as key active compounds responsible for inhibiting inflammatory mediators like NO, TNF-α, and IL-8.
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15347354231164600 – This study, likely an RCT or intervention study in cancer patients, investigated chamomile's role in managing treatment complications. It reported reductions in dermatitis severity and oral mucositis, along with improved quality of life, though some results lacked statistical significance.
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