European Elder Berry Fruit Extract
Also known as: Sambucus nigra, European Black Elderberry, Black Elder, Elderberry Fruit Extract
Overview
European Elderberry Fruit Extract, derived from *Sambucus nigra*, is a dietary supplement known for its antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The fruit is rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenols, contributing to its health benefits. It is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold and influenza. Elderberry's high concentration of anthocyanins is believed to be responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. While research shows promising results, more rigorous, large-scale studies are needed to confirm its efficacy. It is available in various forms, including capsules, syrups, and lozenges. The quality of available evidence is variable, with some studies showing significant symptom reduction, while others call for further investigation. Overall, it is considered a safe supplement when consumed in recommended amounts, but caution is advised regarding the consumption of unripe or raw fruit due to potential toxicity.
Benefits
Elderberry is primarily known for reducing the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms, such as those from influenza or the common cold. Studies suggest a reduction in symptom duration by approximately 2 days. It also exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties, although more research is needed to confirm these secondary effects. Travelers may find it beneficial for reducing cold symptom duration. A 2019 meta-analysis supports elderberry's role in alleviating upper respiratory symptoms, but emphasizes the need for further studies. Grade B evidence supports its use in reducing influenza duration when taken within 48 hours of symptom onset. The benefits are typically observed within the first few days of supplementation.
How it works
Elderberry's antiviral effects are thought to involve the inhibition of viral replication. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to its high polyphenol content, particularly anthocyanins. It modulates the immune response and may interact with viral proteases. Key bioactive compounds include anthocyanins and flavonoids like rutin and isoquercitrin. The bioavailability of elderberry compounds can vary based on the preparation method and individual factors. These compounds interact with the body's systems to reduce inflammation and combat viral infections, contributing to the alleviation of upper respiratory symptoms.
Side effects
Elderberry is generally considered safe when consumed in recommended amounts. Common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, include gastrointestinal upset if the fruit is not properly prepared (e.g., unripe or raw fruit). Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of users, may include allergic reactions. Rare side effects are not well-documented. Potential drug interactions exist with diabetes medications due to elderberry's effects on insulin secretion. It is contraindicated to consume unripe or raw parts of the plant due to the presence of sambunigrin, a toxic compound. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before use. It is crucial to ensure proper preparation to avoid toxicity.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of elderberry extract is typically around 500-600 mg per day of a standardized extract. Optimal dosage ranges are between 600-900 mg per day for immune support. The maximum safe dose is not well-established, but caution is advised beyond 900 mg per day. It is best taken at the onset of symptoms or prophylactically. Common forms include capsules and syrups. Bioavailability may be enhanced when taken with food. There are no specifically identified required cofactors. Always follow product-specific instructions and consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
FAQs
How should I take elderberry?
Take elderberry at the onset of symptoms or prophylactically. Ensure proper preparation to avoid toxicity from unripe or raw fruit. Follow product-specific instructions for dosage.
Is elderberry safe for everyone?
Elderberry is generally safe, but pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider before use. Avoid consuming unripe or raw parts of the plant due to toxicity.
What are the expected results from taking elderberry?
Elderberry may reduce the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms. It is not a cure for viral infections but can help alleviate symptoms when taken appropriately.
Can elderberry interact with other medications?
Yes, elderberry may interact with diabetes medications due to its effects on insulin secretion. Consult with a healthcare provider if you are taking other medications.
Research Sources
- https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/3/1/7 – This in vitro study demonstrates that European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication. While promising, clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings in humans and to determine the effective dosage and administration methods for treating COVID-19.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049909/ – This study investigates the impact of elderberry supplementation on immune function and inflammation. The research provides insights into the potential mechanisms through which elderberry may exert its health benefits, particularly in the context of immune response modulation.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2288 – This study reviews the chemical composition and biological activities of elderberry. It highlights the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, and their potential roles in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects.
- https://examine.com/supplements/elderberry/ – Examine.com provides a comprehensive overview of elderberry, summarizing the available scientific evidence regarding its effects on various health conditions. It offers an unbiased analysis of the research, including information on dosage, benefits, and potential side effects.
- https://www.drugs.com/npp/elderberry.html – Drugs.com offers a detailed monograph on elderberry, covering its uses, potential benefits, safety information, and interactions. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals and consumers seeking information about this herbal supplement.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov – A 2019 meta-analysis found that elderberry significantly reduced the duration of upper respiratory symptoms. A systematic review identified grade B evidence supporting elderberry's use in reducing influenza duration when taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.
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