Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root Extract
Also known as: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Licorice root, Sweet root, Liquorice
Overview
Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as licorice root, is a perennial herb native to Europe and Asia. Its roots have been used for both medicinal and flavoring purposes for centuries. The plant contains glycyrrhizin, which is metabolized into glycyrrhetic acid, a compound known for its corticosteroid-like and mineralocorticoid-like activities. Licorice root is available in various forms, including teas, capsules, powders, and topical preparations. It is often used to address gastrointestinal disorders, promote oral health, and provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. While research supports some of these uses, the quality of evidence varies, and long-term studies are needed to fully understand its effects. The variability in formulations and dosages across studies also presents a challenge in drawing definitive conclusions. Overall, licorice root is a versatile herbal supplement with a range of potential benefits, but it should be used with caution due to potential side effects.
Benefits
Licorice root extract has demonstrated several evidence-based benefits. Topically, a 5% licorice extract in diphenhydramine elixir significantly improves pain and healing in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) compared to diphenhydramine alone. Systematically, licorice consumption is associated with reduced body weight and BMI, as shown in a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Additionally, licorice exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties, although the clinical relevance of these properties in humans is less clear. Individuals with RAS or mild metabolic disturbances may particularly benefit from licorice root supplementation. While the metabolic effects are statistically significant, they are modest in magnitude. The effects on RAS are observed within days, while metabolic effects may require weeks of consistent supplementation. Further research is needed to confirm these benefits and determine optimal dosages for different populations.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action of licorice root involves glycyrrhizin, which is metabolized into glycyrrhetic acid. This compound inhibits the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), leading to increased cortisol availability and mineralocorticoid-like effects. By inhibiting 11β-HSD2, glycyrrhetic acid can increase cortisol levels locally in the kidney, mimicking the effects of aldosterone. This affects the adrenal, renal, and immune systems, modulating inflammation and oxidative stress. Glycyrrhizin is absorbed orally and metabolized by gut microbiota into active metabolites, with bioavailability varying depending on the formulation and dose. The known molecular targets include 11β-HSD2, the mineralocorticoid receptor, and various inflammatory cytokines.
Side effects
Licorice root is generally safe for short-term use, but chronic or high-dose use can lead to significant adverse effects. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset and headache. Uncommon side effects, occurring in 1-5% of users, include hypokalemia, hypertension, and edema, especially with chronic use. Rare but severe side effects include severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, and arrhythmias. Licorice root may interact with diuretics, corticosteroids, and antihypertensives, potentiating mineralocorticoid effects. It is contraindicated in individuals with hypertension, hypokalemia, renal or hepatic impairment, and during pregnancy. Special caution is advised for individuals with cardiovascular or renal disease. Due to its potential to cause electrolyte imbalances and blood pressure changes, regular monitoring is recommended during prolonged use. It is crucial to adhere to recommended dosages and avoid chronic, high-dose consumption to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Dosage
For recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), topical formulations containing 5% licorice extract have demonstrated efficacy. Oral doses vary widely, but most studies use 100–300 mg/day of a standardized extract. The optimal dose is not well established and may depend on the specific condition being treated. Chronic intake of more than 100 mg of glycyrrhizin per day may increase the risk of adverse effects. For RAS, topical application is recommended four times daily. The timing of oral supplementation is less critical. Bioavailability is influenced by gut microbiota and the specific formulation used. It is important to note that these are general guidelines, and individual responses may vary. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended to determine the appropriate dosage and ensure safe use.
FAQs
Who should avoid licorice root?
Individuals with hypertension, hypokalemia, renal or hepatic impairment, and pregnant women should avoid licorice root due to potential adverse effects.
How should licorice root be administered for oral ulcers?
For oral ulcers, a topical formulation containing 5% licorice extract should be applied four times daily to the affected area.
What are the expected results from licorice root supplementation?
Users may experience pain relief and healing in RAS within days. Modest metabolic effects, such as reduced body weight and BMI, may be observed over several weeks.
Is licorice root a substitute for conventional medical treatment?
No, licorice root is not a substitute for conventional therapy in serious conditions. Its benefits are modest and context-dependent, and it should be used as a complementary therapy.
What should I monitor if I take licorice root regularly?
If you take licorice root regularly, monitor for potential signs of hypertension and hypokalemia, and consult with a healthcare professional for regular check-ups.
Research Sources
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/21/3768 – This study is a review of the effects of licorice on obesity and metabolic syndrome. It highlights the potential benefits of licorice in reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters, but also emphasizes the need for further research to confirm these findings and determine optimal dosages.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433679/ – This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigates the effect of licorice on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. The results suggest that licorice consumption is associated with a reduction in body weight and BMI, indicating a potential role in weight management.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.8288?af=R – This review examines the pharmacological activities and potential health benefits of licorice. It covers various aspects, including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, as well as its traditional uses in treating different ailments. The review also discusses the safety concerns associated with long-term or high-dose licorice consumption.
- https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2019.4459 – This study investigates the efficacy of diphenhydramine elixir with licorice extract for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The results indicate that the combination of diphenhydramine and licorice extract is more effective than diphenhydramine alone in reducing pain and promoting healing of oral ulcers.
- https://ijms.sums.ac.ir/article_49057.html – This article reviews the therapeutic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and its main constituent, glycyrrhizin. It discusses the various pharmacological activities of licorice, including its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects, and highlights its potential applications in treating different diseases.