Grape Seed Phytosome
Also known as: Grape seed extract, GSE, Grape seed phytosome, Grape Seed Extract
Overview
Grape seed extract (GSE) is derived from the seeds of Vitis vinifera, the common grape, and is notably rich in antioxidants, particularly oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs). As a byproduct of the winemaking and grape juice industries, GSE is utilized as a dietary supplement for its potential cardiovascular benefits, including the reduction of blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as its anti-inflammatory properties. The extract is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquid. Research surrounding GSE is moderately mature, supported by multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses, demonstrating a generally good quality of evidence, although further long-term studies are warranted to elucidate its effects thoroughly.
Benefits
GSE exhibits several evidence-based benefits. A systematic review reported significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by -2.01 mmol/L and total cholesterol by -6.03 mg/dL, making it particularly beneficial for individuals with hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, it has been shown to lower systolic blood pressure by -1.54 mm Hg and heart rate by -1.42 bpm. Furthermore, while some studies suggest GSE may improve cognitive health, these findings are currently limited to animal trials. These effects are clinically significant over periods ranging from several weeks to a few months, supporting the use of GSE for metabolic and cardiovascular health improvements.
How it works
GSE functions primarily through its antioxidant properties, largely due to the presence of polyphenols, particularly OPCs. These antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, while GSE additionally enhances endothelial function, thereby contributing to cardiovascular health. It has a favorable impact on lipid metabolism by lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The absorption and bioavailability of GSE are notably improved when formulated as a phytosome, allowing for better utilization in the body.
Side effects
GSE is generally well-tolerated, but some side effects have been reported. Common side effects, occurring in over 5% of users, include stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and feelings of weakness. Uncommon side effects may involve gastrointestinal disturbances, with rare instances of severe allergic reactions. GSE may have interactions with anticoagulant medications such as warfarin, clopidogrel, or aspirin, increasing the risk of bleeding. It is contraindicated in individuals with known allergies to grape products and those on anticoagulant therapy. Safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been adequately studied, thus consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended for these populations.
Dosage
The optimal dosage of GSE typically falls between 100 to 300 mg per day, though effective doses as low as 50 mg may be beneficial, especially in clinical trials. There is no established maximum safe dosage, but higher doses are less commonly studied. Timing of administration is flexible and can be taken at any time of the day. Enhanced bioavailability may be achieved with the phytosome form or when consumed with meals. No additional cofactors are required for effective supplementation.
FAQs
How should I take GSE?
GSE can be ingested in capsule, tablet, or liquid forms. The phytosome variant may provide better absorption.
What side effects can I expect?
Common side effects may include gastrointestinal issues, while rare interactions with medications are possible.
Is there a specific time to take GSE?
There are no specific timing recommendations for GSE; it can be taken at any time of the day.
What results can I expect from GSE?
Users often notice improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health markers over a timeframe of weeks to months.
Is GSE a cure for any condition?
No, GSE is not a cure but can be used as a complementary therapy for cardiovascular and metabolic health.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880030/ – This meta-analysis involved 50 trials and highlighted significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol levels, and C-reactive protein associated with GSE intake.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802563/ – This systematic review evaluated 9 randomized controlled trials and concluded that GSE notably reduces systolic blood pressure and heart rate, although it showed no effect on diastolic blood pressure or CRP.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/11/1627 – A pilot study indicated that GSE is safe and well-tolerated in a small cohort, with notes on its potential for chemopreventive effects, though more extensive research is warranted.
- https://aacrjournals.org/cancerpreventionresearch/article/12/8/557/47242/A-Pilot-Study-of-a-Grape-Seed-Procyanidin-Extract – This pilot phase I study assessed the safety and tolerability of GSE over three months, reinforcing its favorable safety profile and suggesting its potential benefits.
