Gynostemma Stem And Leaf Extract
Also known as: Jiaogulan, Southern Ginseng, Gynostemma Stem and Leaf Extract, Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Overview
Gynostemma pentaphyllum, commonly known as Jiaogulan or Southern Ginseng, is a climbing vine native to East Asia, traditionally valued in Chinese medicine. Extracts from its stem and leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, including saponins (gypenosides), flavonoids, and polysaccharides. It is primarily recognized for its potential benefits in cardiovascular health, particularly in regulating lipid metabolism, and for its anti-inflammatory properties. Emerging research also suggests its utility in supporting joint health. While the research on Gynostemma is moderately mature, with an increasing number of clinical trials and systematic reviews, the quality of evidence varies. Recent systematic reviews provide moderate certainty regarding its lipid-lowering effects, whereas other applications, such as for osteoarthritis, are still in the early stages of clinical establishment.
Benefits
Gynostemma pentaphyllum offers several evidence-based benefits, with varying strengths of evidence: - **Lipid-lowering effects:** A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated that Gynostemma pentaphyllum significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. This effect was observed compared to placebo or no intervention, and some trials indicated additive benefits when combined with conventional lipid-lowering drugs. The evidence for this benefit is considered moderate quality based on GRADE criteria, making it a promising natural intervention for individuals with dyslipidemia. - **Anti-inflammatory and joint health:** Preclinical research, including a 2024 in vitro and in vivo study, suggests that Gynostemma extract can inhibit inflammatory cytokines and reduce pain, functional decline, and cartilage destruction in models of osteoarthritis. This indicates its potential as a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD). While these findings are promising, human clinical evidence is currently limited, and more research is needed to confirm these effects in humans. - **Antioxidant and antiproliferative properties:** Chemical analyses have identified radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities in Gynostemma extracts, attributed to its flavonoid and saponin content. These properties contribute to its overall cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits by combating oxidative stress and inflammation.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action for Gynostemma pentaphyllum revolves around its bioactive compounds, particularly gypenosides. These saponins modulate lipid metabolism by influencing pathways involved in cholesterol synthesis and clearance, leading to reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is central to inflammatory responses. Additionally, flavonoids and polysaccharides present in the extract contribute to its antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. The oral bioavailability of these active compounds is moderate, and the potency and composition of the extract can be influenced by extraction methods, such as ethanol extraction.
Side effects
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is generally well-tolerated, with clinical trials reporting no serious adverse events. Mild gastrointestinal discomfort is a rare but possible side effect. While no significant drug interactions have been extensively documented in high-quality studies, caution is advised when combining Gynostemma with lipid-lowering medications due to the potential for additive effects on lipid reduction. Individuals on such medications should consult a healthcare professional. Data on contraindications and use in special populations are limited. Therefore, pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid using Gynostemma due to insufficient safety data. As with any supplement, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider before starting Gynostemma, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking other medications.
Dosage
For lipid-lowering effects, randomized controlled trials have utilized Gynostemma pentaphyllum standardized extracts at daily doses ranging approximately from 450 mg to 900 mg. These doses are often administered in divided doses throughout the day. The optimal dosage can vary depending on the specific extract's standardization, particularly its gypenoside content, and the overall formulation. While the timing relative to meals is not definitively established, it is generally taken orally with or without food. There is currently no established maximum safe dose for Gynostemma, as clinical trials have not reported dose-limiting toxicity at the studied dosages. However, adherence to recommended dosages and consultation with a healthcare professional are advised to ensure safe and effective use.
FAQs
Is it safe to use with statins?
Studies suggest potential additive lipid-lowering effects when combined with statins. Monitoring by a healthcare professional is recommended to avoid excessive lipid reduction or potential side effects.
How soon do benefits appear?
Improvements in lipid profiles have typically been observed within 4 to 12 weeks of consistent use in randomized controlled trials.
Is it effective for joint pain?
Preclinical data show promise for reducing inflammation and cartilage damage in osteoarthritis models, but human clinical trials are still needed to confirm its effectiveness for joint pain.
Does it have stimulant effects?
There is no evidence to suggest that Gynostemma pentaphyllum has stimulant or sedative effects.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9459123/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concluded that Gynostemma pentaphyllum significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in adults with dyslipidemia. The study found it to be safe and well-tolerated, providing moderate-quality evidence for its lipid-lowering effects.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11395165/ – This preclinical study, conducted in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated that Gynostemma extract effectively reduced inflammatory cytokines and mitigated pain and cartilage damage in osteoarthritis models. The findings suggest a potential role for Gynostemma as a disease-modifying agent for osteoarthritis, though human clinical trials are still required.
- https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Nr2w164/ – This research focused on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. It identified various saponins and flavonoids responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, providing mechanistic support for its observed health benefits.