Illawarra Plum
Also known as: Illawarra Plum, Australian Plum, Podocarpus elatus
Overview
Illawarra Plum (*Podocarpus elatus*) is a native Australian fruit characterized by its dark purple flesh, which is rich in various anthocyanins and flavonoids, including cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, quercetin glucoside, and luteolin. It is primarily recognized for its potent antioxidant properties and is being investigated for potential health benefits, such as anti-cancer and lipid-lowering effects. While direct high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Illawarra Plum are limited, research is emerging, with in vitro studies providing insights into its biochemical characteristics and cellular effects. The broader evidence base for plum supplementation, derived from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of various plum species, suggests promising effects on cholesterol levels. Illawarra Plum is considered a dietary supplement ingredient due to its rich phytochemical profile.
Benefits
Illawarra Plum extract has demonstrated significant in vitro anti-cancer properties, specifically inhibiting the proliferation of colon cancer cells by altering the cell cycle and increasing histone deacetylase activity. While this effect is promising, it is based on preliminary cell culture studies and lacks clinical validation in humans. More broadly, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of various plum species (including dried and powdered forms) have consistently shown a significant reduction in serum LDL cholesterol by approximately 11.5–12.5 mg/dL and total cholesterol in individuals with elevated levels. This lipid-lowering effect is statistically significant (p < 0.05) and potentially clinically relevant for reducing cardiovascular risk, particularly in unhealthy subjects (e.g., those with hypercholesterolemia or hypertension). No consistent significant effects on triglycerides or HDL cholesterol have been observed. The benefits on lipid profile typically manifest after 8 or more weeks of consistent supplementation.
How it works
The health benefits of Illawarra Plum are primarily attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins and flavonoids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects, which help to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body. In the context of its anti-cancer potential, Illawarra Plum's extracts have been shown to modulate epigenetic regulators, such as histone deacetylases. This modulation can influence gene expression and cell proliferation pathways, leading to the observed inhibition of colon cancer cell growth in in vitro studies. For lipid-lowering effects, the polyphenols in plums are believed to influence cholesterol metabolism and oxidative stress pathways, although the precise molecular targets and mechanisms remain under active investigation. The absorption and bioavailability of these anthocyanins are moderate and can be influenced by gut microbiota metabolism.
Side effects
Based on available research, no significant adverse effects have been reported in clinical trials involving general plum supplementation. Illawarra Plum itself has not been associated with toxicity in cell culture models at relevant concentrations. There are currently no known drug interactions or contraindications specifically documented for Illawarra Plum, but it is important to note that data are limited, particularly for human consumption. Specific safety studies in special populations such as pregnant or lactating women, or children, have not been conducted. As with any supplement, individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking medications should consult a healthcare professional before incorporating Illawarra Plum into their regimen. Due to the limited human clinical data on Illawarra Plum specifically, caution is advised, and any new or unusual symptoms should be reported to a healthcare provider.
Dosage
Specific dosing guidelines for Illawarra Plum are not yet established due to the limited number of direct human clinical trials. However, clinical studies on general plum supplementation, which have shown lipid-lowering effects, typically used doses ranging from dried plum powder to plum juice equivalents. These studies usually involved supplementation for durations of 2 to 12 weeks. For observed effects on lipid profiles, a minimum of 8 weeks of consistent supplementation appears to be necessary. As Illawarra Plum is rich in anthocyanins, formulations standardized for their anthocyanin content may offer more consistent effects. Without specific human data, it is difficult to recommend a precise dosage, and consumers should refer to product-specific recommendations or consult with a healthcare professional. Upper limits and safety thresholds for Illawarra Plum have not been determined.
FAQs
Is Illawarra Plum effective for cholesterol?
While direct human clinical trials on Illawarra Plum are limited, systematic reviews of other plum species show significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, suggesting potential benefits for cholesterol management.
Are there safety concerns with Illawarra Plum?
No major safety concerns or adverse effects have been reported in clinical trials involving general plum supplementation. However, specific human safety data for Illawarra Plum are limited.
How long does it take to see benefits from Illawarra Plum?
Based on studies of other plum species, effects on lipid profiles typically become apparent after 8 weeks or more of consistent supplementation.
Is Illawarra Plum effective for cancer?
In vitro studies show Illawarra Plum extract has anti-proliferative effects on colon cancer cells. However, this is preliminary research, and clinical evidence in humans is not yet available.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36721717/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (592 participants) found that plum supplementation significantly reduced LDL-c (~11.5 mg/dL) and total cholesterol in unhealthy subjects over 2-12 weeks. It noted heterogeneity in plum types and doses, indicating moderate quality evidence.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38726435/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple RCTs in adults showed a significant LDL reduction (WMD -12.5 mg/dL, p=0.01) with plum supplementation, particularly with dried plum. It highlighted low to moderate meta-evidence quality and the need for more high-quality RCTs.
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/australian-fruit-illawarra-plum-podocarpus-elatus-endl-podocarpaceae-inhibits-telomerase-increases-histone-deacetylase-activity-and-decreases-proliferation-of-colon-cancer-cells/C4E46565712258C4FBE66B6BB317D39D – This in vitro study on colon cancer cell lines demonstrated that Illawarra Plum extract inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and increases histone deacetylase activity. The study provides preliminary mechanistic data but emphasizes that these findings are limited to in vitro models and require human trials.
