Jethimadh
Also known as: Jethimadh, Licorice, sweet root, Glycyrrhiza glabra
Overview
Jethimadh, scientifically known as *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, is a herbal supplement derived from the root of a leguminous plant native to Asia and Europe. It is commonly referred to as licorice root. Traditionally, it has been utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for a range of ailments, including digestive issues, liver protection, respiratory problems, and inflammation. The primary active compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects are glycyrrhizic acid and various flavonoids, such as isoliquiritigenin. Research on Jethimadh is extensive, with a moderate to high level of maturity, particularly concerning glycyrrhizic acid. Evidence quality for its benefits varies, with some indications, like liver fibrosis, supported by strong research, while others have moderate evidence.
Benefits
Jethimadh offers several evidence-based benefits. Glycyrrhizic acid, a key component, has been shown to significantly reduce markers of liver fibrosis, such as TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3 mRNAs, and hydroxyproline levels. This suggests a potential role in reversing hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting profibrotic pathways, with strong evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Another flavonoid, isoliquiritigenin (ISL), has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) through oxidative stress and mitochondrial pathways, indicating its potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy, though clinical translation is still preliminary. For digestive health, licorice is traditionally used for stomach ulcers, heartburn, and inflammation, with some clinical evidence supporting symptomatic relief. However, it's important to note that licorice consumption can also affect metabolic parameters and increase systolic blood pressure, highlighting both potential benefits and risks depending on the context.
How it works
Jethimadh exerts its effects through several mechanisms. Glycyrrhizic acid primarily acts by inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which in turn reduces collagen expression and fibrotic activity in hepatic stellate cells, thereby mitigating liver fibrosis. Isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis in cancer cells via mitochondrial and estrogen receptor-mediated pathways. Overall, licorice flavonoids contribute to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, glycyrrhizic acid is metabolized in the gut to glycyrrhetinic acid, which interacts with mineralocorticoid receptors. This interaction can influence electrolyte balance and blood pressure, explaining some of its known side effects.
Side effects
While generally safe at recommended doses, Jethimadh can cause significant side effects, primarily due to its mineralocorticoid-like effects. Common side effects, occurring in over 5% of users, include elevated blood pressure (hypertension) and hypokalemia (low potassium levels). Less common effects (1-5%) include swelling (edema) and lethargy. Rare but serious side effects (<1%) can include congestive heart failure in susceptible individuals. Jethimadh interacts with several medications, including diuretics, blood pressure medications, corticosteroids, blood thinners, and hormone therapies, potentially altering their efficacy or increasing adverse effects. It is contraindicated in pregnant women due to the risk of adverse outcomes, and in individuals with pre-existing hypertension, hypokalemia, heart disease, or renal conditions. Special caution is advised for these populations, and they should avoid licorice supplements.
Dosage
The effective dosage of Jethimadh varies depending on the intended use. For digestive issues, licorice-containing formulations have been used at 1 mL three times daily for up to 4 weeks. In clinical trials, glycyrrhizic acid doses typically range from 50 to 150 mg per day. A maximum safe dose has not been firmly established, but excessive intake, particularly above 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid per day, is associated with an increased risk of toxicity. Jethimadh is often taken orally with meals. Topical forms, such as 1-2% licorice extract gels, are used for skin conditions. Glycyrrhizic acid is metabolized by gut bacteria, and its bioavailability can vary. While no specific cofactors are required, monitoring potassium levels is advisable during supplementation.
FAQs
Is licorice safe for long-term use?
No, long-term use of licorice can lead to serious side effects like hypertension and hypokalemia. Medical supervision is strongly recommended for any extended use.
Can licorice help with liver disease?
Evidence suggests glycyrrhizic acid can reduce markers of liver fibrosis. However, its clinical use for liver disease should always be guided by a healthcare professional.
Does licorice cause high blood pressure?
Yes, licorice can cause high blood pressure due to its mineralocorticoid effects, especially with high or prolonged intake. Individuals with hypertension should avoid it.
Are all licorice supplements the same?
No, the glycyrrhizic acid content varies significantly. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) has fewer side effects but may have different efficacy profiles compared to standard licorice.
Can licorice be used during pregnancy?
No, licorice is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and potential harm to the fetus.
Research Sources
- https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/8BkTCwd3yPd43tqdpQ3f9NQ/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of glycyrrhizic acid on hepatic fibrosis markers. It found significant reductions in TGF-β1 signaling and hydroxyproline levels, indicating a reversal of fibrosis. The study included multiple RCTs and highlighted the moderate to high quality of evidence despite some heterogeneity.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8703329/ – This comprehensive review summarized meta-analyses on *Glycyrrhiza glabra*'s effects, including the anticancer activity of isoliquiritigenin on cervical cancer cells. It supports apoptosis induction and synergistic effects with chemotherapy agents, noting adequate sample sizes and controls in most studies, though clinical translation is still in early stages.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433679/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed clinical trials on licorice's impact on blood pressure and metabolic parameters. It concluded that licorice significantly increases systolic blood pressure and affects lipid profiles, with robust statistical significance. The study emphasized safety concerns for hypertensive patients.
- https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/licorice.htm – This source provides general information on licorice, including its traditional uses for digestive health, such as stomach ulcers and heartburn. It notes some clinical evidence for symptomatic relief but does not delve into detailed mechanisms or specific study findings.
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323761 – This article discusses the safety profile of licorice, detailing common and rare side effects like hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema. It also outlines significant drug interactions with medications such as diuretics, blood pressure drugs, and corticosteroids, and lists contraindications for specific populations.
