Liquorice Liquid Extract
Also known as: Liquorice, licorice root, Licorice liquid extract, Glycyrrhiza glabra
Overview
Liquorice liquid extract is derived from the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, native to Europe and Asia. It is a traditional herbal supplement known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential therapeutic properties. The extract contains key bioactive compounds such as glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid, and various flavonoids like glabridin and liquiritigenin. Historically, it has been used to soothe stomach upset, suppress coughs, and relieve sore throats. Emerging research suggests potential applications in liver health, particularly in reducing fibrosis, and in alleviating menopausal symptoms due to its phytoestrogenic effects. While some high-quality studies exist, especially concerning liver fibrosis and ulcerative colitis, further research is needed to fully establish its efficacy across all traditional uses.
Benefits
Liquorice liquid extract offers several evidence-based benefits. Glycyrrhizin, a primary compound, has shown significant anti-fibrotic effects by reducing TGF-β1 mRNA expression, indicating its potential in managing liver fibrosis. This effect is considered clinically significant due to its impact on a key marker of fibrosis progression. Preclinical studies also demonstrate that licorice extracts can reduce inflammation and improve colonic health, suggesting therapeutic potential for conditions like ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, flavonoids such as liquiritigenin may act as phytoestrogens, potentially alleviating menopausal symptoms. While these benefits show promise, the strength of evidence varies, with more robust findings in liver and gastrointestinal health compared to menopausal symptom relief, which requires more clinical validation. The time course for these benefits is not yet well-documented.
How it works
The therapeutic actions of liquorice liquid extract are primarily mediated by its active compounds. Glycyrrhizin interacts with mineralocorticoid receptors, which can influence fluid and electrolyte balance. Flavonoids like glabridin and liquiritigenin exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. In the context of liver fibrosis, glycyrrhizin has been shown to reduce the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad proteins, key mediators in fibrotic processes. For ulcerative colitis, licorice extracts reduce inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α. These compounds interact with the gastrointestinal, hepatic, and potentially cardiovascular systems, influencing various biological pathways. The bioavailability of these compounds can vary depending on the extract's composition and preparation method.
Side effects
Liquorice liquid extract, particularly formulations containing glycyrrhizin, can cause significant side effects. The most common adverse effects are hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (fluid retention), and hypokalemia (low potassium levels), which result from glycyrrhizin's mineralocorticoid activity. These effects are more likely with prolonged use or high doses. Less common side effects include gastrointestinal upset. Liquorice can interact with several medications, including warfarin (increasing bleeding risk), digoxin (potentiating toxicity due to hypokalemia), antihypertensives (reducing their effectiveness), and corticosteroids (potentiating their effects). It is contraindicated in pregnancy, individuals with pre-existing hypertension, and those with kidney disease due to the risk of exacerbating these conditions. Caution is advised for individuals with cardiovascular conditions or those on medications that affect electrolyte balance or blood pressure.
Dosage
The optimal dosage for liquorice liquid extract is not well-established and varies significantly depending on the intended therapeutic use and the presence of glycyrrhizin. For gastrointestinal issues, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is often recommended to avoid the mineralocorticoid side effects of glycyrrhizin. For other therapeutic effects, such as liver support, glycyrrhizin-containing extracts are used, but specific dosage ranges are not clearly defined and should be guided by a healthcare professional. There is no clearly defined maximum safe dose, as excessive consumption can lead to severe adverse effects like hypertension and hypokalemia. Timing considerations are not specified and depend on the intended use. Liquid extracts may offer better bioavailability compared to solid forms, and absorption can be influenced by the extract's composition. No specific cofactors are documented as required for its efficacy.
FAQs
What is the difference between licorice and deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL)?
Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which can cause side effects like high blood pressure. DGL has had most of the glycyrrhizin removed, making it safer for long-term use, especially for gastrointestinal issues.
Can licorice liquid extract raise blood pressure?
Yes, formulations containing glycyrrhizin can raise blood pressure and cause fluid retention due to its mineralocorticoid effects. Individuals with hypertension should avoid glycyrrhizin-containing products.
Is licorice safe during pregnancy?
No, licorice containing glycyrrhizin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential risks, including effects on blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Consult a healthcare provider for alternatives.
How should I take licorice liquid extract for stomach upset?
For stomach upset, it is generally recommended to use deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) to minimize side effects. Follow the dosage instructions on the product label or consult a healthcare professional.
What are the main benefits of licorice liquid extract?
Key benefits include potential anti-fibrotic effects in the liver, anti-inflammatory actions beneficial for ulcerative colitis, and possible alleviation of menopausal symptoms due to phytoestrogenic compounds.
Research Sources
- https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/8BkTCwd3yPd43tqdpQ3f9NQ/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of glycyrrhizic acid on liver fibrosis. It found that glycyrrhizic acid significantly reduced TGF-β1 mRNA expression, indicating its potential as an anti-fibrotic agent. The study highlights the need for more extensive research despite promising initial findings.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35671864/ – This systematic review, incorporating meta-analysis and network pharmacology, explored the therapeutic effects of licorice extracts in preclinical models of ulcerative colitis. The findings suggest that licorice extracts can reduce inflammation and improve colonic health, supporting their potential as a treatment. However, human trials are necessary to confirm these effects.
- https://www.alzdiscovery.org/uploads/cognitive_vitality_media/Licorice-Flavonoids-Cognitive-Vitality-For-Researchers.pdf – This document discusses the potential of licorice flavonoids, specifically liquiritigenin, in alleviating menopausal symptoms. It suggests that liquiritigenin may act as a phytoestrogen, offering a natural approach to managing menopausal discomfort. The research indicates a need for more robust clinical trials to confirm efficacy and safety.
- https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/dietary-supplements/licorice – This source provides a comprehensive overview of licorice, including its common uses, potential side effects, and drug interactions. It emphasizes the risks associated with glycyrrhizin, such as hypertension and hypokalemia, and advises caution for individuals with certain medical conditions or those taking specific medications.
