Mangosteen Pericarp Powder
Also known as: Mangosteen pericarp powder, Mangosteen rind powder, Garcinia mangostana L.
Overview
Mangosteen pericarp powder is a botanical supplement derived from the outer rind (pericarp) of the *Garcinia mangostana* L. fruit. It is notably rich in bioactive xanthones, particularly α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, which are polyphenolic compounds recognized for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This supplement is primarily investigated for its potential neuroprotective, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory effects. While preclinical studies, largely in animal models, have shown promising results, the research on mangosteen pericarp is currently at an early clinical stage. There are ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but published clinical efficacy data in humans remains limited. The current evidence quality is moderate, with most data stemming from animal studies and a few human trials in progress, indicating a need for more robust clinical validation.
Benefits
Preclinical studies, primarily in animal models, have demonstrated significant antidepressant and neuroprotective effects. For instance, mangosteen pericarp extract has shown antidepressant-like effects comparable to imipramine in rats, improving mood and cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and modulating brain monoamines. Secondary benefits include strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, which suggest potential in mitigating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. While clinical effect sizes are not yet published, preclinical studies report significant reductions in depressive behaviors and oxidative markers. A 24-week randomized controlled trial is currently evaluating its potential as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression, investigating its effect on mood symptoms and quality of life in human patients. The time course observed in animal studies for effects was typically 14 days, whereas human trials are testing longer supplementation periods of 24 weeks.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action for mangosteen pericarp powder involves its rich content of xanthones, such as α- and γ-mangostin. These compounds exert their effects through multiple biological pathways. They demonstrate significant antioxidant activity by reducing hippocampal lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting brain cells from oxidative damage. Additionally, they possess anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce neuroinflammation, a key factor in many neurological conditions. Furthermore, xanthones are believed to modulate serotonergic and other monoaminergic neurotransmission systems, contributing to their observed antidepressant effects. While these mechanisms are promising, the oral bioavailability and brain penetration of xanthones are noted to be low, which might limit their efficacy. Formulations like extracts or carrier systems are being explored to improve their delivery and absorption.
Side effects
Mangosteen pericarp powder is generally considered safe and well-tolerated based on animal studies and preliminary human use. To date, no significant adverse effects have been reported in the clinical trials conducted. However, specific drug interactions are not yet well characterized. Caution is advised, particularly with serotonergic drugs, due to the potential for additive effects given mangosteen's proposed modulation of monoamine neurotransmission. Contraindications for its use have not been established, and more comprehensive data are needed in this area. Furthermore, the safety of mangosteen pericarp powder in special populations, including pregnant or lactating women and children, has not been established, and its use in these groups should be approached with caution until further research is available.
Dosage
The optimal dosage for mangosteen pericarp powder is currently under investigation. Preclinical studies in rats have shown an effective dose of approximately 50 mg/kg. In human clinical trials, a dosage of 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp powder is being used, specifically in a randomized controlled trial for bipolar disorder. This 1,000 mg/day dosage is considered the current optimal dosage being tested in human research. The maximum safe dose has not been clearly defined, but no toxicity has been reported at the studied doses. Administration typically involves daily oral intake. While the powder form is used, bioavailability considerations suggest that extracts may be preferable due to the low oral bioavailability and brain penetration of xanthones. No specific cofactors have been identified to enhance its effects.
FAQs
Is mangosteen pericarp powder effective for depression?
Preclinical evidence supports antidepressant effects, but human clinical trials are ongoing to confirm efficacy. Results from a 24-week trial in bipolar disorder patients are pending.
Is mangosteen pericarp powder safe?
Preliminary data from animal studies and early human use indicate good safety and tolerability, with no significant adverse effects reported to date.
How long until effects appear?
Animal studies have shown effects within 14 days. Human trials are longer, with one ongoing trial testing effects over 24 weeks.
Can it be combined with other antidepressants?
Potential interactions with serotonergic drugs warrant caution. It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before combining it with other antidepressants.
Research Sources
- https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/xG8xnrV9FB8k9nsY3DQv46M/?lang=en – This source describes the protocol for a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigating 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar disorder. The study aims to assess changes in depression severity, cognition, quality of life, and safety, with results currently pending. It highlights a well-designed clinical trial, though its findings are not yet published.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6424889/ – This narrative review summarizes preclinical evidence for the antidepressant and neuroprotective effects of mangosteen pericarp extract in rodent models of depression. It demonstrates efficacy comparable to imipramine, attributing effects to antioxidant and serotonergic mechanisms. The review provides strong preclinical support but notes the absence of human efficacy data at the time of publication.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504283/ – This systematic review examines the neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of mangosteen pericarp and its xanthones in the context of neurodegenerative diseases and depression. It discusses pharmacokinetic challenges, such as low bioavailability, and the safety profile. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for more clinical trials to establish definitive efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.
