Methyl Sulphonyl Methane
Also known as: Methylsulfonylmethane, MSM, Dimethyl sulfone, Methyl sulfone
Overview
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a naturally occurring sulfur compound found in various foods, including garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables. It is also available as a dietary supplement, primarily used for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential to alleviate joint and muscle pain, particularly in the context of osteoarthritis (OA). MSM is known for its potential to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and improve antioxidant capacity. While research on MSM is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, the evidence regarding its efficacy in treating OA is mixed. The quality of available evidence varies, with some high-quality RCTs and meta-analyses showing inconsistent results. MSM is generally well-absorbed when taken orally and is considered safe for most individuals at dosages up to four grams daily.
Benefits
A meta-analysis of three high-quality RCTs (n = 326 patients) found that MSM did not significantly reduce pain in OA patients, showing a non-significant reduction in pain on the visual analogue scale. However, some studies suggest that MSM may improve various health-specific outcome measures, including inflammation, joint/muscle pain, and antioxidant capacity, although these findings are not consistently supported across all studies. The effect sizes observed in the meta-analysis were not clinically significant, indicating that MSM may not provide substantial relief for OA symptoms. There is no clear evidence that MSM provides specific benefits to particular populations, such as older adults or those with severe OA.
How it works
MSM is believed to act through anti-inflammatory pathways and by reducing oxidative stress. It may also have antioxidant properties. MSM interacts with the musculoskeletal and immune systems, potentially reducing inflammation and improving joint health. The exact molecular targets of MSM are not well-defined, but it is thought to influence various inflammatory mediators and antioxidant enzymes. MSM is generally well-absorbed when taken orally, but specific bioavailability data is limited.
Side effects
MSM is considered safe for most individuals at dosages up to four grams daily and is classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by regulatory bodies. Mild side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances may occur but are not common. There is limited data on uncommon side effects, but they are generally not significant. No significant rare side effects have been reported. There is no substantial evidence of significant drug interactions with MSM. There are no known contraindications for MSM use. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before using MSM, as there is limited research on its safety in these populations.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of MSM is not well-established, but typical dosages range from 1 to 4 grams per day. Optimal dosages are not clearly defined, but 2-3 grams per day is a common range used in studies. The maximum safe dose is generally considered to be up to 4 grams per day. There is no specific timing recommended for MSM intake. MSM can be taken in various forms, including capsules, tablets, or powders. MSM is generally well-absorbed when taken orally, and there are no known cofactors required for MSM absorption or efficacy.
FAQs
Is MSM safe?
MSM is generally safe, but individuals should consult healthcare providers if they have specific health conditions or are taking other medications.
When should I take MSM?
There is no specific timing or administration protocol that has been shown to enhance efficacy.
What results can I expect from taking MSM?
Users should not expect significant pain reduction in OA based on current evidence.
Is MSM effective for OA pain relief?
A common misconception is that MSM is highly effective for OA pain relief, which is not supported by the majority of high-quality studies.
Research Sources
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/ecam/nep045 – This meta-analysis of three RCTs (n = 326) found that MSM did not significantly reduce pain in OA patients. The study showed a non-significant reduction in pain on the visual analogue scale, indicating that MSM may not provide substantial relief for OA symptoms despite the high methodological quality of the included trials.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28300758/ – This review summarizes various studies and indicates that MSM is well-tolerated and may improve inflammation, joint/muscle pain, and antioxidant capacity. However, it also notes the lack of uniform positive evidence, suggesting that the benefits of MSM are not consistently demonstrated across all studies.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1093/ecam/nep045 – This study, a meta-analysis of the related nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide and methylsulfonylmethane, examined the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. It included 326 patients across three RCTs and found that MSM did not significantly reduce pain, despite the high methodological quality of the included trials.
- https://www.cochranelibrary.com/content?templateType=related&urlTitle=%2Fcentral%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcentral%2FCN-01541722&doi=10.1002%2Fcentral%2FCN-01541722&p_p_id=scolariscontentdisplay_WAR_scolariscontentdisplay&_scolariscontentdisplay_WAR_scolariscontentdisplay_action=related-content&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&type=central&contentLanguage= – This Cochrane Library entry relates to a review of glucosamine for osteoarthritis. While not directly about MSM, it provides context on related supplements used for similar conditions, highlighting the importance of rigorous evidence assessment in evaluating the efficacy of such treatments.
