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Mushrooms

Also known as: Ganoderma lucidum, Reishi, Shiitake, Turkey Tail, Agaricus bisporus, Medicinal mushrooms, Functional mushrooms, Adaptogenic mushrooms, Lentinula edodes, Trametes versicolor, Common button mushroom

Overview

Medicinal mushrooms encompass various fungal species, including *Ganoderma lucidum* (Reishi), *Lentinula edodes* (Shiitake), and *Trametes versicolor* (Turkey Tail). They are consumed as whole foods, extracts, or isolated compounds like polysaccharides and triterpenes. Primarily used as adjunct cancer therapy and for immune support, these mushrooms exhibit antioxidant properties. Research maturity is moderate, with the strongest evidence supporting their use in oncology, while evidence for general immune modulation is primarily mechanistic and preclinical. Evidence quality is graded B for cancer-related outcomes and C for general immune modulation. These supplements are available in various forms, including dried powders, standardized extracts, and capsules.

Benefits

Mushroom supplements have shown potential in cancer risk reduction, with higher consumption correlating with a lower overall cancer risk, particularly for breast cancer. Observational studies suggest an odds ratio of approximately 0.65–0.85. They may also provide support during chemotherapy by reducing toxicity, such as myelosuppression and nausea, and improving the quality of life, as indicated by RCTs. Additionally, UV-exposed mushrooms serve as a source of bioavailable vitamin D2, although their clinical impact on serum levels is inconsistent. Preclinical models suggest that beta-glucans in mushrooms can enhance NK cell activity and cytokine production, such as IL-12 and IFN-γ, thereby modulating the immune system.

How it works

Mushroom supplements exert their effects through several key pathways. Beta-glucans, a type of polysaccharide, bind to dectin-1 receptors, stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell activity, which are crucial for immune activation. Triterpenes, such as ganoderic acids, inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in cancer cells, potentially inducing apoptosis. Ergothioneine, an antioxidant compound, scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects mitochondrial function. However, the bioavailability of polysaccharides is generally low (less than 5%) upon oral administration. Standardized extracts, such as PSK from *Trametes versicolor*, are designed to improve the delivery and absorption of these active compounds.

Side effects

Common side effects of mushroom supplements include mild gastrointestinal discomfort, reported in 5–10% of participants in RCTs. Rare side effects may include allergic reactions, occurring in less than 1% of users, and hepatotoxicity, which has been reported in case studies involving high-dose extracts. There is a potential for drug interactions, particularly additive effects with anticoagulants like warfarin, due to the presence of antiplatelet compounds in some mushroom species. Individuals with autoimmune disorders should exercise caution, as there is a theoretical risk of immune overactivation. It's important to adhere to recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare professional, especially when using high-dose extracts or if you have pre-existing health conditions.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of dried mushroom powder is typically 1–3 g/day. For standardized extracts, an optimal range is 3–6 g/day, particularly for extracts standardized to contain around 8% polysaccharides. The maximum safe dose should not exceed 10 g/day, as long-term safety data is limited. It is recommended to take mushroom supplements with meals to enhance the absorption of fat-soluble compounds like triterpenes. Dosage may vary depending on the specific mushroom species, the form of the supplement (powder vs. extract), and the intended purpose (e.g., immune support vs. adjunct cancer therapy).

FAQs

Can mushrooms replace chemotherapy?

No, the evidence supports the use of mushroom supplements as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatments, not as a replacement. They may help reduce side effects and improve quality of life during chemotherapy.

How long until effects appear?

Immune modulation effects may be noticeable within 2–4 weeks of consistent use. However, the potential for cancer risk reduction is associated with long-term consumption and may take years to manifest.

Are all mushroom types equal?

No, different mushroom species have varying levels of active compounds and different effects. *Ganoderma* (Reishi) and *Trametes* (Turkey Tail) have the strongest clinical data supporting their use in oncology.

Are mushroom supplements safe for everyone?

Most people tolerate mushroom supplements well, but those with autoimmune disorders should exercise caution. Rare side effects like allergic reactions or liver issues can occur, especially with high doses.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36995535/ – A systematic review of 17 clinical studies (RCTs and cohorts) found that mushroom supplements reduced chemotherapy toxicity, with odds ratios between 0.4 and 0.7 for severe side effects. The review also noted improvements in quality of life scores (p < 0.05). The authors highlight the heterogeneity in dosing and mushroom types as a limitation.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8483951/ – A meta-analysis of 17 observational studies (n > 19,000) revealed a 14% lower cancer risk with high mushroom intake (95% CI: 0.78–0.95), with the strongest association observed for breast cancer. The study acknowledges recall bias in case-control studies as a limitation. These findings suggest a potential protective effect of mushroom consumption against cancer development.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1384273/full – A dietary modeling and systematic review indicated that UV-exposed mushrooms could theoretically provide 100% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin D. However, clinical trials have shown inconsistent improvements in serum vitamin D levels. The authors note the limited number of RCTs with standardized dosing as a key limitation.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/6/510 – This paper discusses the immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties of medicinal mushrooms. It highlights the role of beta-glucans in activating immune cells and the potential of triterpenes to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The review emphasizes the importance of standardized extracts to ensure consistent and effective delivery of active compounds.
https://www.tcm.ac/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/001-SYM2-Medicinal-Mushroom-Supplements-in-Cancer_-A-Systematic-Review-of-Clinical-Studies.pdf – This systematic review focuses on the use of medicinal mushroom supplements in cancer treatment. It analyzes clinical studies to assess the impact of these supplements on reducing chemotherapy toxicity and improving quality of life. The review underscores the need for further research to establish optimal dosing and identify the most effective mushroom types for specific cancer-related outcomes.