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Ophiopogon tuber

Also known as: Ophiopogon tuber, Liriope tuber, Liriopis seu Ophiopogonis, Maidong, Ophiopogon japonicus

Overview

Ophiopogon tuber, derived from the root tubers of *Ophiopogon japonicus*, is a perennial herb native to East Asia and a staple in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It contains steroidal saponins (ophiopogonins), flavonoids, and polysaccharides. Traditionally, it's been used for respiratory and cardiovascular health, as well as for its anti-inflammatory and tonic properties. Modern research is exploring its potential in managing atrial fibrillation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. While multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses exist, the evidence quality is often limited by methodological issues and heterogeneity. It is generally considered safe, but comprehensive safety data are still needed. Ophiopogon tuber is available in various forms, including dried tuber extracts and isolated compounds.

Benefits

Ophiopogon tuber has shown potential benefits in several areas. A meta-analysis indicated that it may reduce paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) frequency and improve cardiac function when used alongside conventional medicine, though the certainty of this evidence is low. Preclinical studies suggest that Ophiopogonin D (OP-D) may inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Furthermore, extracts from related species have demonstrated neuroprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. Flavanones from Ophiopogon may also protect hepatocytes by stabilizing lysosomal membranes. The DT-13 compound has shown promise in inducing apoptosis and differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. However, more high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits.

How it works

Ophiopogon tuber's mechanism of action varies depending on the specific effect. Its anti-arrhythmic effects are possibly mediated through modulation of cardiac electrophysiology, reducing P-wave dispersion and atrial size. The anti-cancer effects involve the induction of apoptosis via caspase activation, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of proliferation markers. Anti-inflammatory effects are linked to the reduction of hs-CRP and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Hepatoprotection is achieved through lysosomal membrane stabilization and inhibition of cathepsins. These actions impact the cardiovascular, immune, nervous, and hepatic systems, targeting molecules like caspases, cyclins, the AKT pathway, and lysosomal enzymes.

Side effects

Ophiopogon tuber is generally considered safe based on traditional use and clinical trials, but comprehensive safety data are limited. Common side effects are not well-documented, and no major adverse effects were reported in a meta-analysis of cardiovascular trials. Uncommon and rare side effects are not well-defined due to insufficient data. Potential drug interactions with cardiovascular medications are possible but not well-studied. There are no established contraindications, but caution is advised for pregnant or breastfeeding women due to a lack of data. Limited evidence exists for use in children, pregnant women, and patients with severe comorbidities. More rigorous evaluation is needed to fully characterize the safety profile.

Dosage

Due to variations in formulations and study designs, there is no standardized dosage for Ophiopogon tuber. Clinical trials have used various doses, and no consensus has been established. The minimum effective dose and maximum safe dose are not defined. It is typically administered as an adjunct to conventional therapy. Ophiopogon tuber is used as dried tuber extracts or isolated compounds like Ophiopogonin D. The absorption factors are unknown, and further pharmacokinetic studies are needed. There are no identified required cofactors. Until more data are available, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine an appropriate and safe dosage.

FAQs

Is Ophiopogon tuber effective for heart rhythm disorders?

Evidence suggests it may reduce atrial fibrillation frequency and improve cardiac function when combined with conventional therapy, but the certainty of this evidence is low. Consult with a healthcare provider.

Can it be used as an anti-cancer agent?

Preclinical studies show promising anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects, but clinical evidence is lacking. It is not a substitute for conventional cancer treatments. Consult with a qualified oncologist.

Is it safe for long-term use?

Traditional use suggests safety, but rigorous long-term safety data are absent. Monitor for any adverse effects and consult with a healthcare professional for extended use.

Are there any known drug interactions?

Not well studied; caution advised when combined with cardiovascular medications or other drugs. Consult with a healthcare provider to avoid potential interactions.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39247398 – This meta-analysis of 43 RCTs (n=3,743) found that adding Liriope/Ophiopogon tuber to conventional medicine reduced paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) frequency and improved cardiac function parameters. However, the evidence was rated as low certainty due to bias and heterogeneity, suggesting the need for more rigorous studies.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11295246/ – This review of preclinical studies highlights that Ophiopogonin D (OP-D) inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via caspase activation, causing cell cycle arrest and modulating AKT signaling. The findings suggest potential anti-cancer properties, but clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.769929/full – This review article demonstrates anti-tussive, neuroprotective, anti-leukemia, and hepatoprotective effects of Ophiopogon extracts and isolated compounds. While the preclinical evidence is promising, limited clinical trial data emphasize the need for further research to validate these effects in humans.
https://www.jkom.org/journal/view.php?number=4828 – This study investigates the effects of Ophiopogon japonicus on cough and respiratory conditions. The results suggest potential benefits in alleviating cough symptoms, but further research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.
https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4rGyXYYl/ – This research explores the pharmacological properties of Liriopogon species, focusing on their traditional uses and potential therapeutic applications. The study highlights the presence of bioactive compounds with various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, suggesting their potential role in treating various diseases.