Passionflower Aerial Parts Hydroethanolic Extract
Also known as: Passionflower, Maypop, Passion Vine, Passiflora, P. incarnata, *Passiflora incarnata L.*
Overview
Passiflora incarnata L., commonly known as Passionflower, is a perennial herb native to North America, recognized for its anxiolytic and sedative properties. Traditionally utilized in herbal medicine, the hydroethanolic extract of its aerial parts (leaves and stems) is predominantly used to alleviate anxiety, insomnia, and other nervous disorders. This extract is rich in flavonoids (such as isovitexin and isoorientin) and indole alkaloids (e.g., harmine), which contribute to its pharmacological activities. Current research is evolving, with several clinical trials revealing potential benefits, albeit often hindered by methodological flaws, such as small sample sizes and inadequate controls. The existing evidence primarily emanates from preclinical studies, indicating a need for more robust, large-scale clinical trials to establish the efficacy and safety of Passionflower extracts.
Benefits
The primary benefits of Passiflora incarnata include its anxiolytic and sedative effects, which have been substantiated in several studies. For instance, a double-blind clinical trial demonstrated that preoperative administration of 700 mg of the extract significantly reduced anxiety levels associated with spinal anesthesia. Additionally, the extract has been shown to enhance sleep quality, alleviate restlessness, and may possess anticonvulsant and potential antidepressant properties, particularly when used in combination with other herbal remedies. Some studies indicate that children and adults with anxiety or sleep disorders may derive specific benefits. However, it is crucial to note that effect sizes are modest, and clinical significance is not firmly established due to the limitations in existing research methodologies.
How it works
The efficacy of Passiflora incarnata is mainly attributed to its interaction with the central nervous system (CNS). The active compounds, particularly flavonoids and indole alkaloids, are believed to modulate neurotransmitter systems, notably the GABAergic and serotonergic pathways, which are involved in stress response and sleep regulation. By influencing benzodiazepine receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors, this herb may promote relaxation, reduce anxiety, and enhance overall sleep quality.
Side effects
Passiflora incarnata is generally considered safe for most users when taken as directed, but side effects do occur. Common adverse effects reported include drowsiness, confusion, and ataxia, occurring in more than 5% of users. Rarely, adverse effects may manifest in less than 1% of users, particularly with excessive doses (e.g., 3.5 grams over two days). Furthermore, potential drug interactions with CNS depressants and sedatives necessitate caution. Pregnant women are strongly advised against using this supplement due to the risk of uterine contractions, while its effects during breastfeeding remain uncertain. Children and elderly individuals should also be monitored closely due to limited safety data within these populations.
Dosage
The recommended dosing guidelines for Passiflora incarnata typically range from 250 mg to 1,000 mg of the dried extract per day. Studies often utilized dosages up to 800 mg of a dried alcoholic extract, which appeared safe over an 8-week duration. Importantly, the maximum safe dose has been noted as exceeding doses above 3.5 grams over two days, which may pose risks. Timing for administration is flexible but is generally recommended before bedtime for sleep-related issues or prior to surgical procedures for anxiety mitigation. The extract is available in various forms, including comminuted and powdered substances, as well as liquid extracts with varying alcohol concentrations, necessitating consideration of absorption factors when choosing a specific formulation.
FAQs
Is Passiflora incarnata safe?
Generally, it is safe when used as directed, but caution is advised for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to limited safety data.
How should I take Passionflower?
It is typically taken orally, with timing based on the intended effect—before bed for sleep enhancement or prior to procedures to reduce anxiety.
What can I expect from using Passionflower?
Users may experience reduced anxiety and improved sleep quality, although effects can vary significantly between individuals.
Are there any misconceptions about Passionflower?
Many believe it has extensive clinical backing, but existing studies have methodological weaknesses that question the robustness of the evidence.
Research Sources
- https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5044387/mod_folder/content/0/artigos/Passiflora%20incarnata%20L.%20Ethnopharmacology,%20clinical%20application,%20safety.pdf – This assessment explores the ethnopharmacological applications of Passiflora incarnata, highlighting its pharmacological effects while noting the significant methodological weaknesses in related clinical studies.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12244887/ – This double-blind study illustrates the anxiety-reducing effects of 700 mg of Passiflora incarnata before spinal anesthesia, though it was limited by a small sample size.
- https://www.drugs.com/npp/passion-flower.html – This source compiles information on the uses, benefits, and side effects of Passionflower, confirming its traditional applications and highlighting safety concerns.
- https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower – The NCCIH outlines the potential therapeutic uses of Passionflower, emphasizing its role in treating anxiety and sleep disorders while calling for further research.
- https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-passiflora-incarnata-l-herba_en.pdf – This EMA report assesses the traditional use and available clinical data on Passiflora incarnata, underscoring the necessity for more robust studies to confirm its efficacy and safety.