Penicillium notatum
Also known as: Penicillium notatum, Penicillium chrysogenum
Overview
Penicillium notatum, now more commonly known as Penicillium chrysogenum, is a species of mold found in soil, decaying vegetation, and indoor environments. It is historically significant as the original source of penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic. While not directly used as a supplement ingredient, some Penicillium species produce enzymes like catalase, which have been explored for supplementation in animal studies. Penicillium species are also common environmental molds linked to allergic reactions. Research on Penicillium notatum primarily focuses on its role in penicillin production and its allergenic properties. The species produces bioactive compounds such as penicillin and is capable of producing enzymes like catalase. It is ubiquitous in the environment and a potential allergen.
Benefits
Penicillium notatum itself is not used as a supplement, but enzymes derived from Penicillium species, such as catalase, have demonstrated protective effects in animal models. For example, exogenous catalase from microorganisms improved intestinal health and reduced inflammation in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Penicillium species produce antimicrobial proteins with antifungal activity, which may have potential applications in controlling fungal infections. However, these benefits are primarily observed in animal models, and there are no direct human supplementation studies available. In a pig study, catalase supplementation (2,000 mg/kg) significantly improved intestinal morphology and reduced proinflammatory cytokines after LPS challenge.
How it works
Penicillium notatum produces enzymes like catalase that reduce oxidative stress by breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. Catalase supplementation can enhance intestinal antioxidant capacity and modulate gut microbiota composition, as observed in animal models. The primary biological pathway involves the breakdown of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide. While the absorption and bioavailability of Penicillium-derived enzymes are not well characterized in humans, animal studies suggest that oral supplementation can exert local gut effects.
Side effects
Penicillium species are common environmental molds and can be allergens. Exposure to Penicillium spores is linked to respiratory allergic reactions and asthma exacerbations. Common side effects include allergic reactions such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema exacerbation in sensitized individuals. Rare side effects include the potential for severe asthma attacks in sensitized patients. Individuals with mold allergies or asthma should avoid exposure to Penicillium spores. Children and asthmatics are particularly susceptible to Penicillium-induced allergic sensitization. Drug interactions are not applicable for Penicillium as a supplement; penicillin antibiotic interactions are well documented but outside the scope of this analysis.
Dosage
There are no established dosing guidelines for Penicillium notatum as a supplement ingredient. In animal studies, catalase derived from microorganisms was supplemented at 2,000 mg/kg diet to achieve effects. No human dosing data is available. Due to the lack of safety and efficacy data in humans, and the potential for allergic reactions, no specific dosage recommendations can be made. Caution is advised, and consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended before considering any form of supplementation with Penicillium-derived enzymes.
FAQs
Is Penicillium notatum used as a dietary supplement?
No, it is not used directly as a supplement ingredient; its main significance is as a source of penicillin and enzymes like catalase in research.
Is it safe to consume?
Direct consumption of Penicillium molds is not recommended due to allergenic potential and lack of safety data.
Can Penicillium cause allergies?
Yes, Penicillium species are common aeroallergens linked to asthma and allergic reactions.
Are there any health benefits from Penicillium-derived enzymes?
Animal studies suggest catalase from Penicillium may protect intestinal health by reducing oxidative stress, but human data is lacking.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34908474/ – A study in weaned pigs supplemented with catalase from microorganisms, including Penicillium, at 2,000 mg/kg diet for 35 days showed significant improvements in intestinal morphology, enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced proinflammatory cytokines, and modulated gut microbiota after LPS challenge. This suggests a potential protective effect of catalase on intestinal health in animal models, but human data is needed to confirm these findings.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/3/141 – Characterization of Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAFC showed distinct antifungal activity, suggesting potential antimicrobial applications. This molecular biology study highlights the potential of Penicillium-derived compounds as antifungal agents, but clinical trials are needed to assess their efficacy and safety in treating fungal infections.
- https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/moulds/fact-sheets/penicillium-spp – This fact sheet from the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) highlights that Penicillium species are common indoor molds associated with allergic reactions and respiratory problems. It emphasizes the importance of controlling mold growth in indoor environments to minimize exposure and prevent health issues, particularly in sensitive individuals.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1582643/full – This research article links Penicillium exposure to allergic sensitization and increased asthma risk in children and adults, based on skin tests and serology, confirming its allergenic potential. The study underscores the importance of monitoring and managing Penicillium exposure to reduce the risk of allergic diseases, especially in vulnerable populations.
- https://www.springermedizin.de/otomycosis-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-prevalence-a/50885500 – A systematic review and meta-analysis on otomycosis (fungal ear infections) identified Penicillium among common fungal pathogens but did not evaluate supplementation effects. This review highlights Penicillium’s role as a pathogen rather than a supplement ingredient, emphasizing its association with fungal infections.
