Phellodendron Stem Bark Extract
Also known as: Amur cork tree, Phellodendron stem bark, Phellodendron stem bark extract, Phellodendron amurense Rupr.
Overview
Phellodendron amurense Rupr., commonly known as the Amur cork tree, is a botanical source for an extract derived from its stem bark. This extract is a traditional component of East Asian medicine and is categorized as a herbal supplement. It is rich in bioactive compounds, primarily alkaloids such as berberine and palmatine, and various polyphenols. Research indicates its potential for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer applications. While a growing body of in vitro, in vivo, and some clinical studies support these uses, large-scale human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are still limited, and the overall evidence quality varies. The extract is recognized for its ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and combat oxidative stress.
Benefits
Phellodendron stem bark extract demonstrates several evidence-based benefits, primarily in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer capacities. Its anti-inflammatory effects are well-documented, showing significant reductions in inflammatory markers like nitric oxide, 3-nitrotyrosine, and NF-kB in rat models, with robust statistical significance (p < 0.05 to < 0.01). The extract also exhibits strong antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the body's natural antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, it displays promising anticancer and antiproliferative effects against various human cancer cell lines (lung, breast, colorectal, cervical) and anti-angiogenic properties in preclinical models, suggesting its potential as an adjunct therapy. These effects are observed acutely and subacutely in experimental models, though human clinical data on the time course are currently lacking.
How it works
Phellodendron stem bark extract exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms. Key pathways include the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the downregulation of NF-kB signaling, both crucial in inflammatory responses. It also suppresses angiogenesis, a process vital for tumor growth and metastasis. The active alkaloids, such as berberine and palmatine, are central to these actions, modulating inflammatory and proliferative pathways at a molecular level. Additionally, components of the extract act as free radical scavengers and enhance endogenous antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing oxidative stress. The absorption and bioavailability of these active alkaloids, particularly berberine, are moderate and can be influenced by formulation.
Side effects
Phellodendron stem bark extract is generally well tolerated in experimental models, with minimal adverse effects reported. However, comprehensive data on common side effects in humans are scarce due to the limited number of clinical trials. While no significant drug interactions or contraindications have been conclusively identified, theoretical risks suggest caution when used concurrently with other anti-inflammatory or anticoagulant medications. Specific safety data for special populations, including pregnant or lactating individuals and children, are insufficient, and therefore, its use in these groups is not recommended without further research. Overall, while preclinical safety appears favorable, more extensive human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize its safety profile and potential adverse reactions.
Dosage
Currently, there is no standardized or clinically established dosing regimen for Phellodendron stem bark extract due to the limited number of human clinical trials. Experimental studies have utilized varying concentrations; for instance, in vitro research employs micromolar concentrations of isolated alkaloids, while in vivo rat studies use extract doses adjusted for body weight. The optimal dosage, timing, and specific formulation for different therapeutic purposes in humans remain undetermined. Further clinical investigation is essential to establish safe and effective dosage ranges, considering factors such as absorption, bioavailability, and potential upper limits for safety.
FAQs
Is Phellodendron stem bark extract safe for human consumption?
Experimental data suggest good safety in preclinical models, but human clinical safety data are insufficient. More research is needed to confirm its safety profile in humans.
How quickly can one expect to see effects from Phellodendron stem bark extract?
Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects have been observed within days to weeks in experimental models, but the timeline for human response is currently unknown.
Can Phellodendron stem bark extract be used as a cancer treatment?
While promising preclinical data exist showing anticancer effects, it is not an approved clinical indication, and there is no large-scale randomized controlled trial evidence to support its use for cancer treatment.
Research Sources
- https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jssc.201801262 – This study focused on screening and isolating COX-2 inhibitory compounds from Phellodendron amurense. It identified specific compounds within the extract that can inhibit COX-2, providing a mechanistic basis for its anti-inflammatory properties, although the data is primarily in vitro.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9143060/ – This pilot study investigated the antiproliferative effects of Phellodendron amurense extract on various human cancer cell lines and its anti-angiogenic effects in an Artemia franciscana model. It demonstrated significant antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic activities with minimal toxicity, suggesting potential as an anticancer agent, though it lacks human clinical data.
- https://ftp.notulaebotanicae.ro/index.php/nbha/article/view/13306 – This research explored the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of Phellodendron amurense extract in an in vivo rat inflammation model. It found significant reductions in inflammatory markers like nitric oxide and NF-kB, along with antioxidant effects, providing strong preclinical evidence for its anti-inflammatory properties.