Pheretima Aspergillum
Also known as: Earthworm, Dilong, Pheretima aspergillum
Overview
Pheretima aspergillum is a species of earthworm traditionally utilized in Chinese medicine, commonly known as "Dilong." It is processed from earthworms and valued for its purported antifibrotic properties, particularly in addressing fibrosis in organs such as the lung, liver, and kidney. The ingredient contains bioactive compounds believed to modulate fibrotic pathways and inflammation. Research on Pheretima aspergillum is primarily at the preclinical stage, with evidence largely derived from animal models and systematic reviews of these studies. While promising, large-scale human clinical trials are currently absent, meaning its efficacy and safety in humans are not yet fully established. The quality of available evidence is considered moderate, relying heavily on animal data.
Benefits
Pheretima aspergillum has demonstrated significant antifibrotic effects in preclinical animal models, specifically in rats and mice. Meta-analyses of these studies indicate a notable reduction in α-SMA protein expression, a key marker of fibrosis, with standardized mean differences (SMD) of approximately −1.99 in rats and −3.62 in mice, both showing high statistical significance (p < 0.0001). This suggests a strong potential to mitigate fibrosis in organs like the lung, liver, and kidney. Additionally, a significant decrease in serum creatinine (Scr) was observed in rats (SMD = −2.56, p < 0.0001), indicating potential kidney protective effects, though this was not significant in mice. While secondary effects like anti-inflammatory and general organ protection are inferred, they are less quantified. The evidence is currently limited to animal models, and human effects remain to be established. The large effect sizes seen in animal studies suggest strong antifibrotic potential, but their clinical relevance in humans is not yet confirmed.
How it works
Pheretima aspergillum is believed to exert its antifibrotic effects primarily by modulating fibrosis-related proteins, such as α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin). Alpha-SMA is a critical component involved in myofibroblast activation and the subsequent deposition of extracellular matrix, which are central processes in fibrosis. The ingredient likely interferes with fibrogenic signaling pathways, potentially including those related to TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta), although specific molecular targets require further elucidation. Its action primarily impacts fibrotic processes within the lung, liver, and kidney tissues. While α-SMA protein expression reduction is a key biomarker of its activity, other molecular targets are still under investigation. The absorption and bioavailability of Pheretima aspergillum are not well characterized, and may vary depending on the specific preparation.
Side effects
The overall safety profile of Pheretima aspergillum is not well-established due to a lack of human clinical trials. Common, uncommon, and rare side effects are not well documented. A significant safety concern is the potential for heavy metal contamination, including arsenic, chromium, cadmium, and lead, which have been detected in samples of Pheretima. Studies indicate that long-term exposure (20–40 years) to these contaminants, particularly arsenic and chromium, could increase carcinogenic risk above acceptable levels for a small percentage of users. This raises substantial safety concerns for chronic consumption. Drug interactions and contraindications are not established, and specific considerations for special populations are unknown. Given the heavy metal contamination risk, caution is advised, especially for prolonged use.
Dosage
Optimal and safe dosage ranges for Pheretima aspergillum have not been established in humans. The minimum effective dose is unknown, and animal studies show variability. There is no established maximum safe dose, and the presence of heavy metal contamination suggests that caution is warranted, particularly regarding long-term use. Timing considerations for administration are also not established. Pheretima aspergillum is typically used as an extract or powder in traditional medicine preparations. Factors influencing absorption and the requirement for cofactors are currently unknown. Due to the lack of human data and potential heavy metal contamination, self-dosing is not recommended.
FAQs
Is Pheretima aspergillum effective for fibrosis?
Animal studies and meta-analyses show significant antifibrotic effects, reducing fibrosis markers. However, human evidence is currently lacking, so its effectiveness in people is not confirmed.
Is it safe to use long-term?
Potential heavy metal contamination, including arsenic and chromium, poses a risk, especially with prolonged use. This raises safety concerns for chronic consumption, and long-term use is not recommended without further safety data.
How quickly do benefits appear?
The time course for benefits is not clearly defined. Animal studies typically run for weeks to months, suggesting that any potential effects would likely not be immediate.
Can it be used alongside conventional medications?
There is no data available on potential drug interactions. Due to the lack of information and potential safety concerns, caution is advised, and consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.1039553/full – This systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical animal studies (rats and mice) investigated the antifibrotic effects of Pheretima aspergillum extracts. It found statistically significant reductions in fibrosis markers like α-SMA and serum creatinine, with large effect sizes, supporting its antifibrotic potential. The study highlights the promise of Pheretima aspergillum but notes the need for human clinical trials.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.803592/full – This study assessed heavy metal levels in Pheretima samples, identifying arsenic and chromium as primary contributors to potential carcinogenic risk. It concluded that long-term exposure (20–40 years) could lead to carcinogenic risks exceeding acceptable levels for some users, raising significant safety concerns for chronic consumption of the supplement.
- https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jssc.202000283 – This molecular biology study utilized DNA barcoding to accurately identify Pheretima aspergillum and differentiate it from adulterants. While not directly related to efficacy, this research is crucial for ensuring the authenticity and quality control of Pheretima preparations used in traditional medicine and research, which is vital for both safety and consistent study outcomes.