Plant Squalene
Also known as: Shark liver oil component, Vegetable oil component, C30H50, Squalene
Overview
Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon primarily found in shark liver oil, certain vegetable oils, and human sebum. It also can be produced by specific microbial strains. This compound is utilized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties and is widely applied in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and as a vaccine adjuvant. Research on squalene dates back to 1926, and more contemporary studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, have corroborated its diverse biological actions. Squalene's significant role in lipid metabolism, especially in regulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels, reinforces its importance in health and disease management.
Benefits
Squalene exhibits several evidence-backed benefits: it acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, significantly reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in various studies. It improves lipid profiles by decreasing hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides. Additionally, squalene has shown potential anticancer properties, affecting metabolic pathways in tumors. Evidence supports its use in promoting cardiovascular health and enhancing skin hydration, making it beneficial for both the general population and individuals at higher risk for cardiovascular conditions or certain cancers. Clinical studies also suggest that its benefits can often be observed within weeks to months of consistent supplementation.
How it works
Squalene's mechanism of action primarily centers on its impact on lipid metabolism. It influences gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, resulting in lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver. Squalene's presence in the liver allows it to interact with biological pathways integral to lipid metabolism and tumor metabolism, thereby exerting its therapeutic effects.
Side effects
Squalene is generally recognized as safe for consumption. It is a natural component in human sebum and various foods. Limited data exists regarding common side effects, but it is typically well-tolerated. No significant uncommon or rare side effects have been documented. However, caution is advised for those with allergies to shark liver oil or other squalene sources. There is no prominent evidence suggesting drug interactions, although its antioxidant properties may enhance the effects of certain medications. As with any supplement, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers prior to use due to insufficient data on safety in these populations.
Dosage
The effective dosage of squalene varies with the health outcome being targeted. A minimum effective dose is estimated at 100-200 mg per day for antioxidant effects, while optimal dosages range from 200-1000 mg daily for broader health indications. There is no established maximum safe dose, though doses above 1000 mg are less frequently studied. Timing for supplementation isn’t critical; however, consistent daily intake is recommended to maintain stable levels in the body. Squalene is available in forms like capsules and oils, and its absorption may be influenced by the presence of other bioactive compounds.
FAQs
Is squalene safe to take?
Yes, squalene is generally considered safe but consult with a healthcare provider if you have allergies or specific health conditions.
When is the best time to take squalene?
Timing is not critical; consistent daily intake is recommended for optimal benefits.
What health benefits can be expected from squalene?
You can expect improved antioxidant status, reduced lipid levels, and potential anticancer and anti-atherosclerotic effects.
What is a common misconception about squalene?
Some may confuse squalene as a vitamin or hormone, but it is actually a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with various health benefits.
Research Sources
- https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/80/6/1723/6470525?login=false – This systematic review discusses the biological actions of squalene, highlighting its antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects and its significance in various health contexts.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29883523/ – The study evaluates squalene's anticancer properties through both in vitro and in vivo approaches, confirming its role in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing overall health.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.873657/full – This article explores analytical methods for determining squalene in foods, emphasizing the methodological quality of analysis more than health effects.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22361190/ – The research investigates the health implications of squalene, especially concerning its effects on lipid profiles and potential anticancer actions.
- https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/21/5201 – This analytical review provides insights into squalene extraction and determination methodologies, reinforcing the quality of evidence on its health benefits.
