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Polygonatum Root Extract

Also known as: Polygonatum sibiricum, P. kingianum, P. cyrtonema, Solomon's Seal, Huang Jing

Overview

Polygonatum, also known as Solomon's Seal or Huang Jing, refers to several species within the *Polygonatum* genus, including *P. sibiricum*, *P. kingianum*, and *P. cyrtonema*. These plants are primarily cultivated in East Asia and have a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The rhizomes of these plants are valued for their adaptogenic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Key bioactive compounds include polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins. While preclinical studies show promising results, particularly regarding antidiabetic effects and neuroprotection, clinical evidence remains limited and requires further investigation. Caution is advised due to reported cases of hepatotoxicity, especially with unstandardized or improperly processed forms.

Benefits

Polygonatum root extract has demonstrated several potential health benefits, primarily supported by preclinical research. It exhibits antidiabetic effects by reducing fasting blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity through AMPK pathway activation in rodent models. Furthermore, it shows neuroprotective properties by inhibiting Aβ aggregation in cell models, suggesting potential for anti-Alzheimer's applications. The extract also possesses anti-inflammatory effects, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels in animal models. However, clinical evidence in humans is limited to small trials with inconclusive results, necessitating larger, well-designed studies to confirm these benefits.

How it works

Polygonatum exerts its effects through several key mechanisms. It activates the AMPK pathway, leading to increased GLUT4 translocation and improved glucose uptake. The extract also modulates Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling, reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, it influences PPARγ, impacting lipid metabolism. The polysaccharides present in Polygonatum are poorly absorbed orally, suggesting that their metabolites may be the active compounds. Processed forms, such as steamed preparations, exhibit enhanced activity, potentially due to improved bioavailability or the formation of more active compounds.

Side effects

The most significant safety concern associated with Polygonatum is hepatotoxicity, with numerous case reports of liver injury, particularly when the extract is mixed with *P. multiflorum*. Risk factors include prolonged use (over 40 days) and pre-existing liver conditions. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, reported in a small percentage of clinical trial participants. There is a theoretical risk of interactions with hypoglycemic and anticoagulant drugs, although no clinical reports have confirmed this. Polygonatum is contraindicated during pregnancy due to its traditional use as an emmenagogue. It is crucial to use processed (steamed) extracts and avoid raw or unprocessed forms to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Liver enzyme monitoring is recommended during prolonged use.

Dosage

Traditional use of Polygonatum involves 6-12g of dried rhizome daily. For polysaccharide extracts, dosages of 100-300mg per day have been used. However, there is insufficient data to provide evidence-based recommendations for standardized extracts. Steamed preparations are preferred to reduce potential toxicity. Due to the risk of hepatotoxicity, it is advisable to start with a low dose and monitor liver enzymes, especially with prolonged use. Avoid raw or unprocessed forms. More research is needed to establish safe and effective dosage ranges for different forms of Polygonatum.

FAQs

Does it help with diabetes?

Preclinical studies show promising antidiabetic effects, but human data is currently insufficient to make definitive therapeutic claims. More research is needed.

Is it safe long-term?

Limited safety data exists beyond 12 weeks of use. Monitoring liver enzymes is recommended, especially with prolonged use, due to the risk of hepatotoxicity.

Which form is best?

Processed (steamed) extracts are preferred over raw or unprocessed forms due to a reduced risk of toxicity. Follow recommended dosage guidelines.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4471648/ – This systematic review analyzed 54 clinical publications and found hepatotoxicity in 52 cases, while antidiabetic evidence was deemed inconclusive. The review highlighted limitations such as heterogeneous study designs and poor RCT quality, emphasizing the need for more rigorous clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of Polygonatum.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.758501/full – This mechanistic review examined 47 preclinical studies from 2011 to 2021 and identified polysaccharides as the primary antidiabetic agents in Polygonatum. The review noted the lack of human dose-response data, indicating a need for further research to translate preclinical findings to clinical applications.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/15/7/828 – This chemical analysis cataloged over 120 bioactive compounds in Polygonatum and highlighted processing-dependent bioactivity changes. The study emphasized the importance of processing methods in influencing the therapeutic potential of Polygonatum, but noted the absence of clinical correlation studies to validate these findings.
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/15/4821 – This study investigates the chemical composition and biological activities of Polygonatum species, providing insights into their potential therapeutic applications. It highlights the importance of understanding the specific compounds responsible for the observed effects and their interactions within the body.
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/systematic-review-and-metaanalysis-of-the-curative-effect-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-on-psoriasis-under-105667.html – This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the curative effects of traditional Chinese medicine, including Polygonatum, on psoriasis. It assesses the efficacy and safety of TCM interventions for managing psoriasis symptoms and improving patient outcomes.

Score: 65/100