Preticx Xylooligosacharides
Also known as: Xylo-oligosaccharides, XOS, Xylooligosaccharides
Overview
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are functional oligosaccharides made up of xylose units connected by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. They are primarily derived from the hydrolysis of xylan, a major component of hemicellulose found in various lignocellulosic biomass, including corncob, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw. XOS are recognized for their prebiotic properties, promoting the growth and activity of beneficial gut microbiota. They are stable under varying temperature and pH conditions, enabling their incorporation into diverse food products. Research on XOS suggests potential applications in enhancing intestinal health, regulating metabolic functions including blood glucose and lipid levels, and possibly improving cognitive functions. Although promising, further extensive human trials are needed to better understand their clinical efficacy and establish a more comprehensive safety profile.
Benefits
Research indicates that XOS significantly increases the population of beneficial gut bacteria such as *Lactobacillus* and *Bifidobacterium*, while decreasing harmful bacteria like *Clostridium perfringens*. In individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC), XOS fermentation has shown to favorably modify gut microbiota, assisting in the maintenance of remission. Additionally, XOS may aid in regulating blood glucose levels, and lipid profiles, while also contributing to cognitive health, as observed in animal studies. These findings suggest XOS could prevent obesity and cardiovascular diseases through their modulatory effect on gut health. The evidence for these benefits, although supportive, is mostly derived from limited studies with small sample sizes, suggesting the need for larger scale research to substantiate these effects.
How it works
XOS function primarily as prebiotics, selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, which leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This process not only enhances gut microbial composition but also has far-reaching implications for systemic health, including modulation of the immune response and potential benefits to the gut-brain axis. The fermentation of XOS facilitates metabolic pathways that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and the production of SCFAs can activate specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) and influence histone acetylation, which are pivotal in cellular signaling and gene expression.
Side effects
XOS are generally regarded as safe for consumption, having been utilized in food products without significant adverse reactions. While no common side effects (>5%) have been reported, some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including bloating or gas (occuring in 1-5% of users). Serious side effects are rare (<1%) and there are no significant drug interactions associated with XOS. Patients with severe gastrointestinal disorders or those undergoing certain medical treatments should consult healthcare professionals prior to using XOS to ensure safety. Overall, the safety profile supports broad use without extensive contraindications.
Dosage
The precise minimum effective dose of XOS is not well-defined, but existing studies have utilized dosages ranging from 100 mg/kg in animal trials to approximately 150 grams of XOS-enriched rice porridge per day in human research. Although optimal dosage ranges have not been clearly established, a few grams per day is commonly noted as effective. There is no upper safe limit identified for XOS consumption as they are typically well-tolerated even at higher doses. Timing does not critically affect their efficacy, yet consuming them with meals may enhance their prebiotic impact. XOS can be found in various forms, including supplements and as an ingredient in food products, such as rice porridge.
FAQs
How can I incorporate XOS into my diet?
XOS can be easily added to various food products or consumed as a supplement in powdered form.
What are the potential side effects of XOS?
XOS are generally well-tolerated, though some individuals may experience mild bloating or gas.
When is the best time to take XOS?
XOS can be taken at any time of day, but it is advisable to consume them with meals for enhanced effects.
What results can I expect from using XOS?
Users may observe improvements in gut microbiota balance, along with potential benefits in glucose and lipid regulation.
Are XOS probiotics or prebiotics?
XOS are prebiotics, meaning they support the growth of beneficial bacteria, rather than being live microbes themselves.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.778542/full – This study explores the effects of XOS on the gut microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis, demonstrating their ability to enhance beneficial bacteria growth while alleviating dysbiosis.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27651791/ – A randomized controlled trial indicating that daily intake of XOS-enriched food increased beneficial gut bacteria in healthy subjects over six weeks, highlighting their prebiotic potential.
- https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2022-0579/html?lang=en – This animal study discusses the benefits of XOS supplementation combined with aerobic training, showing improvements in metabolic health and cognitive functions.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.977548/full – This review discusses various health benefits of XOS and their mechanisms, underlining the importance of further human-based studies to confirm existing findings.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/609 – This article provides insights into the composition, properties, and potential health benefits of XOS, summarizing evidence from both human and animal studies.
