Plum Fruit Concentrate
Also known as: Prunus salicina, Plum, dried plum, prune, Plum Fruit Concentrate, Prunus domestica
Overview
Plum fruit concentrate is a dietary supplement derived from fresh or dried plums (Prunus domestica, Prunus salicina). It is recognized for its rich content of bioactive compounds, including fiber, polyphenols, and antioxidants. This concentrate is primarily utilized for its potential to improve lipid profiles, support digestive health by alleviating constipation, and potentially contribute to bone health. Key characteristics include its high fiber content, which aids in gut motility and cholesterol binding, and its phenolic compounds, which provide antioxidant benefits. Research on plum fruit concentrate is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses supporting its efficacy, particularly concerning its effects on lipid levels.
Benefits
Plum fruit concentrate offers several evidence-based benefits. Its primary effect is a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels. This effect is particularly pronounced in individuals with dyslipidemia or metabolic syndrome and typically requires supplementation for durations exceeding 8 weeks. A meta-analysis reported a weighted mean difference (WMD) in LDL-c reduction of -11.52 mg/dL (95% CI: -21.93 to -1.11, p=0.03), indicating a robust effect. While it does not significantly impact triglycerides (TG) or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), its LDL-lowering capacity is well-supported. Additionally, plum fruit concentrate, especially in its dried form, is effective in improving constipation symptoms, with efficacy comparable to psyllium fiber. The benefits on lipid profile are more pronounced in unhealthy subjects, suggesting a targeted application for those with existing cardiovascular risk factors.
How it works
The lipid-lowering effects of plum fruit concentrate are primarily attributed to its high content of soluble fiber and polyphenols. Soluble fiber binds to bile acids in the gut, preventing their reabsorption and increasing their excretion, which in turn prompts the liver to use more cholesterol to synthesize new bile acids, thereby reducing circulating cholesterol levels. Polyphenols contribute to antioxidant activity, which can reduce the oxidative modification of LDL particles, a key step in atherosclerosis development. These compounds may also modulate various lipid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the fiber and polyphenols in plums contribute to improved gut motility and stool bulk, facilitating bowel movements and providing relief from constipation.
Side effects
Plum fruit concentrate is generally considered safe for oral consumption, including as dried plums or concentrates, for up to 12 months. The most common side effects, occurring in over 5% of users, are gastrointestinal symptoms such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea, particularly when consumed at higher doses. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) may include potential intestinal blockage if pits or large pieces are swallowed whole, though this is more relevant to whole fruit consumption. Rare side effects (less than 1%) have not been significantly reported in randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses. No major drug interactions or contraindications have been documented, but individuals at risk of bowel obstruction should exercise caution. It is advisable to start with lower doses and gradually increase to assess individual tolerance.
Dosage
Effective dosages for plum fruit concentrate, based on research, generally involve daily intake equivalent to approximately 50-100 grams of dried plums or a corresponding concentrate. For significant improvements in lipid profiles, a minimum supplementation duration of at least 8 weeks is recommended. There is no established maximum safe dose, but gastrointestinal tolerance should guide individual dosing, as higher amounts can lead to gas, bloating, and diarrhea. The timing of intake relative to meals is not considered critical, but consistent daily consumption is advised for optimal results. No specific cofactors are required for absorption, as the active compounds exert their effects both locally in the gut and systemically after absorption.
FAQs
Is plum fruit concentrate effective for cholesterol?
Yes, it is particularly effective for lowering total cholesterol and LDL-c in unhealthy individuals, with benefits typically observed after at least 8 weeks of consistent use.
Can it help with constipation?
Yes, dried plums and their concentrates are effective for constipation relief, offering benefits comparable to psyllium fiber due to their high fiber content.
Are there safety concerns?
Generally safe, but common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort like gas, bloating, and diarrhea, especially at higher doses. Avoid swallowing pits.
How long until benefits appear?
Lipid-lowering benefits typically manifest after 8 weeks or more of consistent daily supplementation. Constipation relief can be noticed sooner.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9869099/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 RCTs investigated the effect of plum supplementation on lipid profiles. It found a significant reduction in LDL-c (WMD -11.52 mg/dL) and TC in unhealthy subjects after at least 8 weeks of supplementation, with no significant effect on TG or HDL-c. The study noted high heterogeneity but employed appropriate statistical methods and assessed publication bias.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36721717/ – This publication, likely a duplicate or closely related to the PMC article, also focuses on plum supplementation and lipid profiles. It reinforces the findings of significant LDL-c and TC reduction, particularly in unhealthy populations, and highlights the need for supplementation durations exceeding 8 weeks for observable effects.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fsn3.4000 – This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of plum product consumption on lipid profiles in adults. It confirmed the lipid-lowering effects, consistent with other high-quality meta-analyses, despite acknowledging similar issues with study variability and heterogeneity. The findings support the evidence base for plum's role in cardiovascular health.
- https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1594-PLUM.aspx – This WebMD summary, based on clinical evidence, provides an overview of plum's uses, including its efficacy for constipation relief and its general safety profile for up to 12 months of use. While a secondary source, its information is consistent with findings from primary research regarding plum's benefits and safety.
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