Prunus Armeniaca Seed Extract
Also known as: Apricot seed, Bitter apricot seed, Armeniacae semen amarum, Kuxingren, Prunus armeniaca L.
Overview
Prunus armeniaca L. seed extract is derived from the seeds of the apricot fruit, particularly the bitter variety. It is rich in various phytochemicals, including amygdalin, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and organic acids. Traditionally, this extract, known as Armeniacae semen amarum or Kuxingren in Chinese medicine, has been used to address respiratory ailments such as cough and asthma, as well as intestinal disorders like constipation. Beyond its traditional applications, modern research explores its potential neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective properties. While there is a growing body of in vitro and animal studies, and some clinical data, high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on isolated seed extract are limited, with most evidence stemming from preclinical and ethnopharmacological contexts.
Benefits
Prunus armeniaca seed extract exhibits several potential benefits, primarily supported by preclinical and traditional use. It shows neuroprotective effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, which may improve memory and cognitive function in neurodegeneration models, though clinical confirmation is pending. Significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have been demonstrated in liver injury models and other oxidative stress conditions, suggesting a role in mitigating cellular damage. Its traditional use for respiratory issues is supported by antitussive and bronchodilatory effects. Additionally, the extract displays antimicrobial and antifungal activity against various pathogens. In vitro and animal studies also indicate anticancer potential through the induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 upregulation. While these findings are promising, quantitative clinical data and large-scale RCTs are scarce, limiting definitive conclusions on effect sizes and clinical significance for specific populations.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action for Prunus armeniaca seed extract is attributed to its rich phytochemical composition, particularly amygdalin. Amygdalin can release cyanide, which is implicated in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The extract also contributes to neuroprotective effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Its antioxidant activity stems from its ability to scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by its DPPH scavenging capacity. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the modulation of oxidative stress pathways and the downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. The diverse phytochemicals interact with multiple molecular targets, including enzymes, receptors, and signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell survival. The bioavailability of active compounds like amygdalin varies depending on the extraction method and is crucial for both efficacy and potential toxicity.
Side effects
While generally considered safe at traditional doses, Prunus armeniaca seed extract carries a significant risk of cyanide poisoning due to its amygdalin content, especially at high doses or with improper use. Common side effects are typically mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon reactions may include allergic reactions or hypersensitivity. Rare but serious side effects involve symptoms of cyanide toxicity, such as headache, dizziness, and nausea, which can occur with overdose. Potential drug interactions exist with medications metabolized by cholinesterase or those affecting oxidative stress pathways. The extract is contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and individuals with known cyanide sensitivity or compromised liver function. Caution is strongly advised for children and patients with pre-existing respiratory or metabolic disorders due to the heightened risk of cyanide toxicity.
Dosage
There is no standardized dosing established for Prunus armeniaca seed extract from rigorous clinical trials. Traditional Chinese medicine typically uses 3–9 grams of the raw seed material per day in decoctions. For extracts, doses vary widely depending on the concentration and form. In vitro studies on kernel oil, for instance, have used concentrations in the range of 100–1000 µg/mL for antioxidant effects. The timing of administration is usually oral, often in divided doses, but specific recommendations regarding meals are not well-studied. Absorption can be significantly influenced by the extraction method, as oil and aqueous extracts differ in their bioactive compound profiles. There are no specific cofactors known to be required, although its antioxidant effects might be enhanced when combined with other antioxidants. Due to the risk of cyanide toxicity from amygdalin, it is crucial to adhere to conservative dosing and avoid exceeding traditional or recommended amounts.
FAQs
Is it safe to consume apricot seed extract daily?
At traditional doses, it is generally considered safe, but caution is essential due to the risk of cyanide release from amygdalin. High doses or consumption of raw seeds should be strictly avoided to prevent toxicity.
Does it really help with cough and asthma?
Traditional use and some pharmacological evidence support its efficacy for cough and asthma. However, high-quality clinical trials are currently lacking to definitively confirm these benefits.
Can it be used for cancer treatment?
Some in vitro and animal studies show anticancer potential, but clinical evidence is insufficient and safety concerns related to cyanide toxicity are significant. It is not a recommended cancer treatment.
How quickly do benefits appear?
In traditional use, effects may take days to weeks to become noticeable. In experimental models, biochemical changes and pharmacological effects can be observed within hours to days.
Research Sources
- https://biointerfaceresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/20695837123.31863197.pdf – This review summarizes experimental pharmacological studies on Prunus armeniaca seed extract and amygdalin. It highlights their anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, noting that most evidence is preclinical and lacks large-scale randomized controlled trials.
- https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00979 – This experimental study investigated the antioxidant properties of Prunus armeniaca kernel oil. It found strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 ~90 µg/mL) and identified multiple phytochemicals, though the study was in vitro and did not include clinical data.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10844384/ – This systematic review focuses on the traditional use and pharmacology of Prunus armeniaca, including both clinical and preclinical data. It summarizes various pharmacological effects like anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, while also emphasizing safety concerns related to amygdalin's potential toxicity.