Shi Gao
Also known as: Shi Gao, 石膏, Gypsum, Chinese Gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate, Gypsum Fibrosum
Overview
Shi Gao, scientifically known as Gypsum Fibrosum, is a naturally occurring mineral primarily composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O). It is a fundamental ingredient in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where it is classified as a mineral/herbal medicine component. Mined from natural deposits, it is processed into powder or used in decoctions. In TCM, Shi Gao is predominantly utilized for its cooling properties to "clear heat" and "drain fire," making it a key component in formulas addressing febrile diseases, inflammatory conditions, and skin issues characterized by heat syndromes such as high fever, irritability, and intense thirst. While widely used in TCM for centuries, rigorous clinical trials specifically isolating Shi Gao's effects are limited, with most research evaluating its efficacy within multi-herb formulations.
Benefits
Shi Gao is traditionally recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, primarily when used within complex TCM formulas. While direct high-quality clinical evidence for isolated Shi Gao is scarce, some pharmacological studies suggest it may modulate inflammatory pathways. It is a common ingredient in formulas aimed at reducing fever and treating inflammatory skin conditions associated with 'heat' in TCM. Secondary benefits may include potential analgesic effects and contributions to immunomodulatory responses when combined with other herbs. These benefits are primarily observed in patients presenting with heat-related syndromes according to TCM diagnostics. Due to the lack of isolated studies, specific effect sizes and clinical significance for Shi Gao alone are not established, and its benefits are typically observed acutely as part of a broader herbal treatment strategy.
How it works
The mechanism of action for Shi Gao is primarily understood through its traditional use and inferred pharmacological properties within TCM. Its 'cooling' effect is believed to correspond to the reduction of inflammatory mediators in the body. Some in vitro and animal studies on related herbal compounds suggest that components within Shi Gao, or its synergistic action within formulas, may involve the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways. Specifically, it is hypothesized to downregulate NF-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, both of which are central to inflammation and pain signaling. As a mineral, its absorption and bioavailability depend on the preparation method, with decoctions being a common form to extract its active components and facilitate interaction with the immune and inflammatory systems.
Side effects
Shi Gao is generally considered safe when used in traditional doses as part of multi-herb formulas. Common and uncommon side effects are not well-documented, and there are no clearly reported adverse effects occurring in more than 1% of users. While theoretical risks of mineral-related toxicity exist with excessive overdose, robust clinical reports of such incidents are lacking. There are no well-documented drug interactions, but caution is advised when combining Shi Gao with other medications due to limited data. Contraindications in TCM include patients with 'cold syndromes' or 'deficient conditions.' Special populations, such as pregnant individuals and those with renal impairment, should exercise caution due to the mineral content, as specific safety data for these groups are limited.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose for isolated Shi Gao is not well-established, as it is rarely used alone. In traditional decoctions, crude Shi Gao is typically used in dosages ranging from 15 to 60 grams, depending on the specific formula, the severity of the condition, and the individual's constitution. It is usually administered as part of multi-herb decoctions, taken multiple times daily during acute heat syndromes. The maximum safe dose is not clearly defined, but excessive intake may theoretically lead to mineral imbalance. Decoction is the preferred form, as this method is believed to enhance the extraction and bioavailability of its active components. Shi Gao is often combined with other herbs that harmonize or enhance its cooling and anti-inflammatory effects.
FAQs
Is Shi Gao safe for long-term use?
Shi Gao is traditionally used short-term for acute 'heat' conditions. Long-term safety data for isolated Shi Gao or its use over extended periods are currently lacking, so it's generally not recommended for chronic use.
Can Shi Gao be used alone?
Shi Gao is rarely used as a standalone ingredient in TCM. It is almost always incorporated into complex herbal formulas, where its effects are balanced and enhanced by other herbs.
How quickly does Shi Gao work?
When used in acute 'heat' conditions as part of a traditional formula, effects are typically expected within a few days, depending on the specific formula and the individual's response.
Are there any known toxicities?
When used appropriately within traditional dosages, Shi Gao has minimal reported toxicities. Theoretical risks of mineral imbalance exist with extreme overdose, but clinical reports are rare.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1295564/full – This systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis evaluated Chinese herbal medicines for depression. While it included multiple formulas containing Shi Gao, it did not isolate Shi Gao's individual effect. The study found some Shi Gao-containing formulas to be effective and safe compared to antidepressants, but direct evidence for Shi Gao alone was not provided.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9650126/ – This article discusses pharmacological studies indicating that compounds in related herbs and minerals can downregulate inflammatory mediators like NF-kappaB and COX-2. This mechanism is hypothesized to explain Shi Gao's traditional anti-inflammatory effects, though direct clinical trials on Shi Gao's isolated molecular effects are still needed.
Supplements Containing Shi Gao
Recommended Articles
Top Ingredients for Healthy Weight Management
Dietary fiber, protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and water are crucial for managing a healthy weight.
Top Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Ingredients
Curcumin, omega-3 fatty acids, CBD, and Vitamin D are proven to effectively reduce chronic inflammation.
Bone Health Supplements for Plant-Based Postmenopausal Women
Optimal bone health for postmenopausal individuals on plant-based diets involves calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin K2 supplementation.
Best Protein Types for Fitness Goals
Different protein types and sources are optimized for muscle gain, weight management, and overall health, catering to all diets.