Standardized Phyllanthus Amarus Extract
Also known as: Indian gooseberry, Bhuiamlaki, *Phyllanthus niruri* (closely related), *Phyllanthus amarus*
Overview
Phyllanthus amarus is a plant species from the Euphorbiaceae family, extensively used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years. Its primary uses encompass treatment for gallbladder and kidney stones, chronic liver diseases, and acts as an antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. The plant is abundant in secondary metabolites such as lignans, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. Despite a wealth of studies exploring its pharmacological benefits, more rigorous clinical trials are warranted to substantiate its efficacy and safety in human populations. Current research indicates potential applications in diabetes management and inflammation reduction, with a strong focus on its enzyme inhibitory actions.
Benefits
Phyllanthus amarus exhibits several evidence-based benefits. Key findings include significant anti-inflammatory effects shown in a meta-analysis, demonstrating a reduction in inflammatory cytokine TNF-α levels by -17.611 times compared to control (p = 0.003). Additionally, the plant inhibits digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, which could improve postprandial blood glucose levels, notably benefiting diabetic patients. While its antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties are acknowledged, more rigorous quantification is necessary. Furthermore, hypolipidemic and immunomodulatory effects have been reported, though they need further validation. The evidence for these benefits varies in quality, with robust findings primarily in the anti-inflammatory domain.
How it works
Phyllanthus amarus functions primarily by inhibiting digestive enzymes like α-amylase, pepsin, and trypsin, relevant for managing digestive disorders and diabetes. It also suppresses inflammatory markers by inhibiting the induction of enzymes like iNOS and COX-2, which modulate the inflammatory response. Its compounds also activate xenobiotic sensing receptors such as PXR and AhR, influencing CYP enzyme expression, thereby impacting drug metabolism and potential herb-drug interactions. These actions showcase its multifaceted therapeutic properties within digestive and immune systems.
Side effects
Generally regarded as safe when used traditionally, *Phyllanthus amarus* may cause gastrointestinal disturbances due to its enzyme-inhibitory actions, though data on specific side effects remain limited. Common side effects (>5%) could include upset stomach, but detailed reports on uncommon and rare side effects are scarce. Drug interactions are a notable concern as *P. amarus* can influence CYP enzymes (particularly CYP3A4 and CYP1A2), potentially affecting blood levels of various medications. Caution is advised for individuals on medications metabolized via these enzymes. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as those with chronic liver issues, should seek medical advice before using this supplement.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose for *Phyllanthus amarus* varies based on the intended application, often starting at concentrations of 40 mg/ml to grams per day. Traditional usage suggests a common dosage range of 1-3 grams of dried plant material daily. Although upper limits for safety are not firmly established, high dosages may pose herb-drug interaction risks. Timing can be crucial, especially for digestive health, where taking it prior to meals may enhance enzyme inhibition. Extract forms, particularly methanol or hydro-methanol, are frequently employed in studies to evaluate bioactivity, although specific absorption factors remain to be adequately researched.
FAQs
Is *Phyllanthus amarus* safe for everyone?
While considered generally safe, *Phyllanthus amarus* can interact with medications, especially those metabolized by CYP enzymes. Consult a healthcare provider if pregnant, breastfeeding, or having chronic health conditions.
How and when should I take *Phyllanthus amarus*?
The timing and dosage depend on the intended use; for digestive benefits, it can be taken before meals. Typical doses range from 1-3 grams of dried plant daily.
What results can I expect from using *Phyllanthus amarus*?
Users may experience reduced inflammation, improved digestive health, and benefits for blood glucose management, but effects can vary based on individual factors.
Can *Phyllanthus amarus* lead to drug interactions?
Yes, *Phyllanthus amarus* can affect CYP enzyme activity, leading to potential herb-drug interactions. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional if you're on other medications.
Research Sources
- https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/biosaintifika/article/download/10823/1490/37901 – This meta-analysis highlights significant anti-inflammatory effects of *Phyllanthus amarus*, specifically a marked reduction in TNF-α levels, with robust data supporting the effectiveness in reducing inflammation.
- https://www.plantsciencejournal.com/abstract/jpsp-aid1127 – Describes in vitro studies showcasing the enzyme-inhibitory effects of *Phyllanthus amarus*, primarily on α-amylase and other digestive enzymes, indicating potential benefits for diabetes management.
- https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=101541 – This article discusses the interaction of *Phyllanthus amarus* with xenobiotic receptors and CYP enzyme implications, revealing potential avenues for herb-drug interaction risks and metabolic implications.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39571700/ – Analyzes the pharmacological actions of *Phyllanthus amarus*, noting its diverse roles as an antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent, while emphasizing the necessity for thorough clinical trials.
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827802004178 – Explores the wide-ranging therapeutic applications of *Phyllanthus amarus* within traditional medicine, contextualizing its antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects, albeit with an appeal for further validation in clinical settings.
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