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Vanadyl Sulfate Hydrate

Also known as: Vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate hydrate, Vanadyl sulfate, Vanadium oxysulfate, VOSO₄·xH₂O

Overview

Vanadyl sulfate hydrate, also known as Vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate hydrate (VOSO₄·xH₂O), is an inorganic vanadium compound investigated for its potential to improve glucose metabolism. It is found in trace amounts in natural sources like shellfish, mushrooms, and grains. As a trace mineral supplement, vanadyl sulfate is being researched as an antidiabetic agent and potential metabolic enhancer. Research on vanadyl sulfate is still in its early stages, with preclinical studies and early-phase human trials providing moderate evidence for its glucose-lowering effects. However, high-quality, randomized controlled trials are limited, and long-term safety and efficacy remain uncertain. The compound exists in vanadyl form, which is more stable than vanadate at physiological pH, influencing its bioavailability and activity within the body.

Benefits

Vanadyl sulfate has demonstrated potential benefits, primarily in reducing fasting blood glucose levels. Studies in diabetic rodent models have shown a 14-20% reduction in fasting blood glucose at doses of 5-10 mg/kg. In human trials, dosages of 75-300 mg/day have been observed to lower insulin requirements in type 1 diabetics and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetics, although the effect sizes vary. While some mechanistic data suggests potential lipid-modulating effects, the clinical significance of these effects remains unclear. Overall, vanadyl sulfate may offer modest short-term glucose reduction, but it is uncertain whether this translates to a reduction in diabetic complications. The evidence supporting these benefits is considered moderate, and further research is needed to confirm long-term efficacy and safety.

How it works

Vanadyl sulfate primarily works by activating insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, a key enzyme in insulin signaling. This activation enhances GLUT4 translocation, which is crucial for glucose uptake into cells, and promotes glucose oxidation. The oral bioavailability of vanadyl sulfate is poor, typically less than 5%, but it can be improved when taken with food. The vanadyl form is more stable than the vanadate form at physiological pH, which contributes to its effectiveness in biological systems. These mechanisms collectively contribute to vanadyl sulfate's potential to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Side effects

Vanadyl sulfate is associated with several potential side effects, primarily gastrointestinal distress, which includes cramping and diarrhea, particularly at dosages of 150 mg/day or higher. Mild and reversible elevations in liver enzymes have also been reported, although they are uncommon. Severe toxicity is rare in trials lasting six months or less. Vanadyl sulfate is contraindicated in pregnancy and in individuals with renal impairment. It can also potentiate the effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications, potentially leading to hypoglycemia. Due to the limited data on long-term safety, caution is advised, and individuals should consult with a healthcare professional before using vanadyl sulfate, especially if they have pre-existing medical conditions or are taking other medications.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of vanadyl sulfate is approximately 75 mg/day, taken in divided doses. For individuals with type 2 diabetes, an optimal dosage range is between 100-150 mg/day. The maximum safe dose for short-term use is 300 mg/day, but there is no established safe upper limit for long-term use. It is recommended to take vanadyl sulfate with meals to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. While no specific cofactors are required, chromium and magnesium may enhance its effects mechanistically. Due to the potential for side effects and interactions, it is important to adhere to recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional.

FAQs

Does it replace insulin?

No, vanadyl sulfate is an adjunct therapy and cannot replace insulin. It may reduce insulin requirements by approximately 20% in type 1 diabetes, but it should not be used as a substitute for insulin therapy.

How quickly does it work?

Glucose-lowering effects have been observed within 2-4 weeks in human trials. However, individual responses may vary, and it is important to monitor blood glucose levels regularly when using vanadyl sulfate.

Is it safe long-term?

There is limited data on the long-term safety of vanadyl sulfate, with no studies extending beyond 6 months. Rodent studies suggest potential organ accumulation, so caution is advised, and long-term use should be approached with careful consideration.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4156977/ – This study on STZ-diabetic rats (n=8-10/group) found that 10 mg/kg of VOSO₄ normalized glycemia by day 30, potentially through beta-cell preservation. While the methodology was rigorous, the small sample size and lack of human translation limit the findings' applicability to humans. This preclinical study provides a foundation for further research into vanadyl sulfate's effects on glucose metabolism.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic300202f – This article delves into the structural properties of vanadium complexes, providing insights into their stability and behavior in solution. It highlights the importance of understanding the chemical forms of vanadium to predict its biological activity. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how vanadium compounds interact with biological systems at a molecular level.
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/233706 – This is a product page for Vanadyl sulfate hydrate from Sigma-Aldrich, providing chemical information and specifications. It serves as a reference for identifying and sourcing the compound for research purposes. The page includes safety information and handling instructions relevant to laboratory use.
https://www.avantorsciences.com/us/en/product/7832116/vanadyl-sulfate-hydrate-97 – This is a product page for Vanadyl sulfate hydrate from Avantor Sciences, detailing the specifications and applications of the chemical. It provides information on the purity and form of the compound, which is essential for researchers using it in experiments. The page also includes safety data and handling guidelines.
https://medcraveonline.com/MOJPH/the-effects-of-diet-and-vanadyl-sulfate-supplementation-on-blood-glucose-levels-of-diabetics-review-of-current-human-data-and-recommendations-for-further-study.html – This review of human trials from 1990-2015 concludes that vanadyl sulfate consistently demonstrates modest glucose-lowering effects across 11 trials. However, the review notes the absence of a meta-analysis and suggests that the trials were underpowered for clinical endpoints. The review highlights the need for further research to determine the clinical significance of vanadyl sulfate supplementation in managing diabetes.