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Bitter Orange Fruit Extract

Also known as: Citrus aurantium, Bitter orange, Seville orange, Sour orange, p-synephrine

Overview

Bitter orange, scientifically known as *Citrus aurantium*, is a citrus tree species from which the extract is derived, typically from the immature fruit or peel. It has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine and South American folk medicine. The primary active compound in bitter orange extract is p-synephrine, a protoalkaloid. Bitter orange extract is commonly found in weight loss and sports performance supplements. It has also been used traditionally to treat digestive issues and as an expectorant. Research suggests that bitter orange extract may aid in weight loss and increase basal metabolic rate. While studies generally support its safety and efficacy, further research is needed to establish direct correlations between p-synephrine and observed effects.

Benefits

Bitter orange extract has shown potential benefits, particularly for weight loss and increasing basal metabolic rate. Studies have indicated that it can lead to significant weight loss and body fat reduction in overweight adults. For example, one study reported an average weight loss of 2.9 kg over 8 weeks compared to 1.5 kg in the placebo group. Additionally, some animal studies suggest antioxidant and tissue-protective effects, such as increased glutathione levels and catalase activity. Human studies have generally not reported significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate at commonly used doses. These benefits are primarily observed in overweight or obese individuals. More research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the long-term effects.

How it works

The primary mechanism of action for bitter orange extract is attributed to p-synephrine, which acts as a sympathomimetic agent. This means it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to an increase in metabolism and fat oxidation. p-Synephrine interacts with adrenergic receptors, particularly beta-3 adrenergic receptors, which are involved in lipolysis (the breakdown of fats) and thermogenesis (heat production). While it affects the cardiovascular and metabolic systems, studies suggest that p-synephrine does not significantly impact blood pressure or heart rate at commonly used doses. The oral bioavailability of p-synephrine is known, but not extensively detailed in the literature.

Side effects

Bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are generally considered safe at commonly recommended doses. Studies have not consistently reported common side effects. Uncommon side effects are not well-documented, but no serious adverse events were reported in reviewed studies. Rare case reports exist of adverse events associated with multi-ingredient supplements containing bitter orange extract, but a direct link to p-synephrine is not definitively established. Potential drug interactions may occur with other sympathomimetic agents or medications affecting the cardiovascular system. Caution is advised for individuals with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or those taking interacting medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and individuals with certain medical conditions should consult healthcare providers before use due to limited data.

Dosage

Typical dosages of p-synephrine range from 10-53 mg per day. Some studies use products containing 975 mg of *C. aurantium* extract with 6% synephrine alkaloids, translating to approximately 58.5 mg of p-synephrine per day. Animal studies estimate the acute oral LD50 of bitter orange extract to be greater than 10000 mg/kg, far exceeding human dosing levels. There are no specific timing recommendations, but it is often taken as part of a daily supplement regimen. Bitter orange extract is commonly available in capsule or tablet form. While oral bioavailability is assumed, it is not extensively studied. No specific cofactors are required for its efficacy.

FAQs

How long does it take to see effects?

Benefits in weight loss and metabolic rate are typically observed over 6-12 weeks of consistent use.

Is bitter orange safe?

Current evidence suggests it is generally safe at commonly used doses, but caution is advised for individuals with heart conditions or those taking certain medications.

When should I take it?

No specific timing is recommended, but it is often taken as part of a daily regimen with meals.

What can I expect in terms of weight loss?

Small but significant weight loss and body fat reduction can be expected when combined with a healthy diet and exercise.

Is bitter orange similar to ephedrine?

No, despite structural similarities, p-synephrine has different effects compared to ephedrine.

Research Sources

https://www.rivendell.eu/library/documents/diverse%20documenten/kruiden%20divers/Citrus-aurantium_Phytotherapy-Research.pdf – This document provides information on the phytotherapy research related to Citrus aurantium. It likely covers various aspects of the plant, including its chemical composition, traditional uses, and potential therapeutic applications based on scientific studies.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-02280085/ – This Cochrane Library entry likely contains a systematic review or meta-analysis of studies related to bitter orange. Cochrane reviews are considered high-quality evidence and would provide a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and safety of bitter orange for a specific health condition.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30835576/ – This PubMed entry links to a study that likely investigates the effects of bitter orange extract or p-synephrine. The study probably assesses its impact on weight loss, metabolic rate, or other relevant health outcomes, providing empirical data on its efficacy and safety.
https://www.medsci.org/v09p0527.htm – This article likely discusses the effects of bitter orange and p-synephrine on various physiological parameters. It may cover aspects such as cardiovascular effects, metabolic changes, and potential mechanisms of action, offering insights into how the supplement interacts with the body.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51039317_The_Safety_of_Citrus_aurantium_Bitter_Orange_and_its_Primary_Protoalkaloid_p-Synephrine – This ResearchGate publication focuses on the safety profile of Citrus aurantium and its primary protoalkaloid, p-synephrine. It likely reviews existing literature and research findings to assess the potential risks and adverse effects associated with the use of bitter orange extract.