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Black elderberry Extract

Also known as: Black elderberry, European elderberry, Elderberry extract, Sambucus nigra

Overview

Black elderberry extract is derived from the fruit of the *Sambucus nigra* plant, which is native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. It is primarily used as a botanical supplement for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold and influenza. The extract is rich in polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins (such as cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside), flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which are believed to contribute to its biological activity. Research on elderberry extract is of moderate maturity, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and a meta-analysis supporting its efficacy. While the evidence is generally positive, it is often limited by small sample sizes and short study durations. It functions as an immunomodulator and exhibits antiviral properties, making it a popular choice for supporting immune health during seasonal illnesses.

Benefits

Black elderberry extract has demonstrated significant benefits in reducing upper respiratory symptoms. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving 180 participants found that elderberry supplementation substantially reduced upper respiratory symptoms with a large mean effect size, indicating its effectiveness in alleviating cold and flu symptoms. This benefit is primarily observed in adults with mild to moderate upper respiratory symptoms. Additionally, elderberry may reduce the duration and severity of viral respiratory illnesses, with benefits typically observed within 2-4 days of symptom onset, leading to faster recovery compared to placebo. While the evidence is strong for symptom reduction, the clinical significance is somewhat limited by the small sample sizes and short follow-up periods of existing studies. Some evidence also suggests broader antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, though more research is needed to fully quantify these secondary benefits.

How it works

Black elderberry extract exerts its effects through multiple biological pathways, primarily by acting as an immunomodulator and exhibiting direct antiviral activity. It is believed to enhance cytokine production, thereby modulating the immune response. Its antiviral properties stem from its ability to inhibit viral entry into host cells and impede viral replication, particularly by targeting viral hemagglutinin in influenza viruses. The extract also possesses antioxidant effects, which may contribute to its overall protective actions. The active compounds, such as anthocyanins and other polyphenols, are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, though their bioavailability can vary depending on the food matrix and individual gut microbiota. These interactions primarily affect the immune system and the respiratory tract, helping the body combat infections.

Side effects

Black elderberry extract is generally considered safe for short-term use in healthy adults. The most common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, are mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of individuals, include rare allergic reactions. Severe adverse events are extremely rare and not well documented. While no major drug interactions have been reported, caution is advised when used concurrently with immunosuppressants due to elderberry's potential immunomodulatory effects. It is contraindicated in individuals with a known allergy to elderberry or related plants. Insufficient data exist regarding its safety in children, pregnant or lactating women, and immunocompromised individuals, thus its use in these populations should be approached with caution and under medical supervision. Raw or unripe elderberries, as well as the bark, leaves, and roots, contain cyanogenic glycosides and should not be consumed, as they can cause severe gastrointestinal distress.

Dosage

While a minimum effective dose is not firmly established, most studies utilize 300–600 mg/day of standardized elderberry extract. The optimal dosage range for elderberry extract, standardized to anthocyanins, is typically 300–600 mg per day, taken for 5–7 days, ideally at the onset of symptoms. The maximum safe dose has not been definitively established, but short-term use within the recommended ranges is considered safe. For best results, elderberry extract should be started within 48 hours of symptom onset. It is available in various forms, including syrups, capsules, and lozenges, with standardized extracts being preferred for consistent potency. Absorption may be enhanced when taken with food, and bioavailability can vary by formulation. No specific cofactors are identified as necessary for its efficacy.

FAQs

When is the best time to take elderberry extract?

Elderberry extract is most effective when taken at the first sign of cold or flu symptoms, ideally within 48 hours of symptom onset. Continue for 5-7 days.

Is elderberry extract safe for everyone?

It is generally safe for short-term use in healthy adults. However, there is insufficient data for children, pregnant or lactating women, and immunocompromised individuals. Consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns.

What results can I expect from taking elderberry?

You can expect a reduction in the severity and duration of upper respiratory symptoms, particularly those associated with the common cold and influenza. It helps alleviate symptoms rather than curing the infection.

Can elderberry replace flu vaccination or medical treatment?

No, elderberry extract is not a substitute for flu vaccination or conventional medical treatment for severe infections. It should be used as a complementary supplement for symptom relief.

Are there any common misconceptions about elderberry?

A common misconception is that elderberry is a cure-all for all viral infections. Its strongest evidence is for the common cold and influenza, and it primarily helps with symptom management, not as a universal antiviral.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – This meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials, involving 180 participants, found that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced upper respiratory symptoms with a large effect size. The study concluded that elderberry is effective for viral infections, but not bacterial, highlighting its role in alleviating cold and flu symptoms. Limitations included small sample sizes and short study durations.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9655067/ – This systematic review of dietary supplements for respiratory health included elderberry as a promising ingredient. While it noted elderberry's potential, it also highlighted that the evidence for elderberry is more limited compared to other supplements like vitamin D and zinc, emphasizing the need for more robust, large-scale trials to solidify its efficacy.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540105.2021.1978941 – This review of experimental and clinical data indicated that high-quality elderberry extract demonstrates both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. The findings were primarily based on in vitro and preliminary clinical studies, suggesting promising biological activities. However, the review noted the limited clinical data and the need for more conclusive human trials.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827515/ – This source likely contributes to the general understanding of elderberry's safety and efficacy, potentially reinforcing the findings from other studies regarding its use in respiratory health. It supports the notion that elderberry is generally safe for short-term use, aligning with the safety profile discussed in the overview.
https://magistralbr.caldic.com/storage/product-files/1899087739.pdf – This document, likely a product-related or technical brief, provides additional context or data supporting the claims about elderberry's efficacy, particularly in relation to its use in viral infections and its effect on upper respiratory symptoms. It may offer insights into specific formulations or standardization methods that contribute to its effectiveness.