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Brussels Sprout Extract

Also known as: Brussels sprout, Brussels sprout extract, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera

Overview

Brussels sprout extract is derived from Brussels sprouts, a cruciferous vegetable rich in beneficial phytochemicals. Key compounds include glucosinolates, isothiocyanates (like sulforaphane), and indole compounds (such as indole-3-carbinol and DIM). These constituents are recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties. The extract is primarily used for its purported health benefits related to cancer prevention, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of detoxification enzymes. While research on Brussels sprout extract is moderately developed, with some controlled animal and human studies, systematic reviews specifically on the extract are limited. The quality of evidence varies, with some well-controlled studies but also conflicting findings regarding oxidative DNA damage, particularly at higher doses. It is generally consumed as a plant-based dietary supplement, often in concentrated forms to deliver higher levels of its active compounds.

Benefits

Brussels sprout extract offers several evidence-based benefits, primarily related to its rich phytochemical content. It is known to induce phase II detoxification enzymes like glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (QR, with 1.3- to 2.6-fold increases observed in animal models), which enhance the body's ability to neutralize carcinogens. Epidemiological data suggest a potential reduction in the risk of various cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian, and cervical cancers, with regular consumption of Brussels sprouts or related cruciferous vegetables. For instance, one study indicated a 17% lower risk of breast cancer with weekly cruciferous vegetable intake. In vitro studies show that bioactive compounds like sulforaphane and DIM can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin) in breast cancer cells. Additionally, it exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, although some studies have noted increased oxidative DNA damage markers at high doses, warranting further investigation into dose-dependent effects. Breast cancer patients may particularly benefit from compounds that reduce aromatase expression, while the general population can experience modest cancer risk reduction through regular dietary intake.

How it works

Brussels sprout extract exerts its effects primarily through the activation of phase II detoxification enzymes, such as GST and QR, which facilitate the conjugation and elimination of carcinogens from the body. Its phytochemicals, notably sulforaphane, modulate oxidative stress pathways by acting as antioxidants. The extract also influences hormone metabolism by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which reduces estrogen synthesis, a mechanism relevant in hormone-sensitive cancers. Furthermore, isothiocyanates and indole derivatives found in the extract can synergistically enhance chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. These compounds primarily interact with the liver, upregulating its detoxification pathways, and may modulate hormone metabolism, particularly in breast cancer. Bioactive compounds like sulforaphane are absorbed and metabolized, though their bioavailability can vary based on preparation and individual gut microbiota.

Side effects

Brussels sprout extract is generally considered safe when consumed as food, but caution is advised with concentrated supplements. Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort and gas, attributed to its high fiber content and fermentable compounds. Uncommon side effects may involve a potential increase in oxidative DNA damage markers at high doses, as observed in some animal studies, though the relevance to humans is not yet clear. Rare side effects are not significantly reported. Due to its high vitamin K content, Brussels sprout extract can interfere with anticoagulant medications like warfarin, potentially reducing their effectiveness. It may also increase the metabolism of certain drugs processed by liver enzymes, such as oxazepam and acetaminophen, thereby potentially decreasing their efficacy. Contraindications include individuals on blood thinners or medications metabolized by liver enzymes affected by Brussels sprout compounds. Breast cancer patients should consult healthcare providers due to potential interactions with hormone therapies and chemotherapy.

Dosage

There is no standardized recommended dosage for Brussels sprout extract, and a minimum effective dose has not been well established for human supplementation. Animal studies have shown enzyme induction within days using specific extract concentrations. For dietary intake, epidemiological benefits related to cancer risk reduction are associated with regular consumption of Brussels sprouts (e.g., weekly servings). A maximum safe dose is unknown, and excessive intake, particularly of concentrated extracts, may potentially increase oxidative DNA damage markers in animal models. Regular consumption is likely necessary for sustained enzyme induction and potential cancer risk reduction. Whole vegetable intake is generally preferred for a balanced nutrient profile, as extract potency and bioactive content can vary significantly. Bioavailability of active compounds is influenced by preparation methods and individual gut microbiota.

FAQs

Is Brussels sprout extract safe?

Generally, yes, but caution is advised for individuals on blood thinners or certain medications due to potential interactions with vitamin K and liver enzymes. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.

Does it prevent cancer?

Epidemiological evidence suggests a modest reduction in the risk of some cancers with regular consumption of Brussels sprouts or cruciferous vegetables. However, direct clinical trial evidence for the extract's cancer prevention in humans is limited.

Can it enhance chemotherapy?

In vitro studies indicate that compounds in Brussels sprouts can enhance the efficacy of certain chemotherapy drugs. However, these findings are from cell culture studies, and clinical trials in humans are needed to confirm these effects.

Are there risks of oxidative damage?

Some animal studies suggest that very high doses of Brussels sprout extract might increase markers of oxidative DNA damage. This warrants caution with high intake or concentrated extracts, and further human research is needed.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11346482/ – This animal study investigated the effects of aqueous Brussels sprout extract on enzyme induction and oxidative damage in rats. It found significant induction of phase II enzymes (GST and QR) but also observed an increase in the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxodG in the liver, suggesting potential dose-dependent effects on oxidative stress. The study highlights the dual nature of Brussels sprout compounds.
https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/food-facts/brussels-sprouts/ – This source from the American Institute for Cancer Research provides an overview of Brussels sprouts' role in cancer prevention. It emphasizes the benefits of cruciferous vegetables in general, linking their consumption to reduced cancer risk through various mechanisms, including detoxification enzyme induction and anti-inflammatory properties.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1477/brussels-sprout – WebMD offers a general overview of Brussels sprouts as a dietary ingredient. It covers common uses, potential side effects, and interactions, particularly noting the vitamin K content and its implications for individuals on anticoagulant medications. This source provides practical safety information.
https://foodforbreastcancer.com/foods/brussels-sprouts – This resource focuses on the specific benefits of Brussels sprouts for breast cancer patients. It discusses how compounds like sulforaphane and DIM can modulate hormone metabolism (e.g., inhibit aromatase) and potentially enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, based on in vitro and epidemiological evidence.
https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/brussels_sprout.htm – RxList provides detailed information on the safety profile of Brussels sprouts, including potential drug interactions. It specifically highlights the interaction with warfarin due to vitamin K content and discusses how Brussels sprouts might affect the metabolism of other drugs by influencing liver enzymes.