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Cayenne Pepper Fruit Extract

Also known as: Cayenne pepper, Chili pepper, Red pepper, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide, Capsaicin

Overview

Cayenne pepper, derived from *Capsicum annuum* and *Capsicum frutescens*, is a spice and supplement with capsaicin as its active compound. Originating in Central and South America, it's used in cuisine and traditional medicine. Capsaicin, a capsaicinoid, is responsible for its pungency and biological effects. Other components include vitamins A and C, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Traditionally, it was used for pain relief and digestive issues. Modern uses include weight loss, gastrointestinal conditions, and postoperative nausea, although evidence for these is limited. Research on capsaicin is moderately mature, with several RCTs and meta-analyses yielding sometimes conflicting results. Evidence quality varies, with some high-quality systematic reviews and smaller RCTs.

Benefits

Capsaicin supplementation has demonstrated modest effects on weight loss, particularly in overweight or obese individuals. A meta-analysis showed a weighted mean difference (WMD) for BMI of -0.43 kg/m² (95% CI: -0.73 to -0.13), for body weight of -0.64 kg (95% CI: -1.13 to -0.15), and for waist circumference of -1.41 cm (95% CI: -2.53 to -0.29). Capsaicin is also well-documented for its analgesic properties, especially in topical applications for arthritis and muscle pain. Some studies suggest potential benefits for digestive health, though the evidence is less robust. Capsaicin has also demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro, but its impact on serum lipids and total antioxidant status is not significant.

How it works

Capsaicin primarily acts on the TRPV1 receptor, which is involved in pain sensation and metabolic regulation. Activation of TRPV1 can increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation, contributing to weight loss. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Capsaicin interacts with the nervous system to reduce pain perception and with the metabolic system to influence energy balance and fat metabolism. It is well absorbed when ingested, but its bioavailability can vary depending on the form of administration (oral vs. topical).

Side effects

Cayenne pepper is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as food, but higher doses or prolonged use may cause adverse effects. Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, heartburn, and sweating. Uncommon side effects include allergic reactions, skin irritation (especially with topical use), and increased heart rate. Rare side effects include severe allergic reactions and potential interactions with certain medications. Capsaicin may interact with blood thinners and certain medications for diabetes and high blood pressure. Topical capsaicin should not be applied to the face, injured skin, or open wounds and should be used with caution in children, avoiding use in children under 2 years old. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use capsaicin with caution and only under medical supervision due to limited safety data.

Dosage

For weight loss, doses typically range from 6 mg to 30 mg of capsaicin per day, although the optimal dose is not well established. Doses above 30 mg/day are less commonly studied and may increase the risk of side effects. Capsaicin can be taken with meals to reduce gastrointestinal side effects. It is available in various forms, including capsules, powders, and topical creams. Topical creams should contain at least 0.075% capsaicin for pain relief. Absorption can be influenced by the presence of fatty foods, which may enhance the bioavailability of capsaicin. No specific cofactors are required for capsaicin supplementation.

FAQs

How can I minimize side effects from capsaicin?

Taking capsaicin with meals can help reduce gastrointestinal discomfort. Start with a low dose and gradually increase it to assess tolerance.

Is capsaicin safe for children?

Avoid using capsaicin in children under 2 years old. Use with caution in older children, and always consult a pediatrician before administering.

What results can I expect from capsaicin supplementation?

Modest weight loss and significant pain relief are the most commonly reported benefits. Individual results may vary based on dosage and personal factors.

Are there any safety precautions I should take?

Avoid applying topical capsaicin to injured skin or the face. Use with caution if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, and consult with a healthcare provider.

When and how should I take capsaicin?

Take oral capsaicin with meals to reduce side effects. Apply topical capsaicin as directed, avoiding sensitive areas. Follow product-specific instructions.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36938807/ – This study likely investigates the effects of capsaicin or cayenne pepper on various health outcomes. Further examination of the study would be needed to provide a more detailed summary of its findings and methodology.
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/cayenne – This resource from Mount Sinai provides an overview of cayenne pepper, including its uses, benefits, and potential side effects. It serves as a general reference for understanding the properties and applications of cayenne pepper in health and wellness.
https://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/tclc-comments-fda-ANPRM-nicotine-2018.pdf – This document appears to be related to public health law and comments on nicotine regulation. While it may not directly focus on capsaicin, it could potentially contain information on the use of capsaicin or related compounds in tobacco or nicotine products, possibly as a sensory additive.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/effects-of-capsaicin-intake-on-weight-loss-among-overweight-and-obese-subjects-a-systematic-review-and-metaanalysis-of-randomised-controlled-trials/AF1C3A4331A35BA12CE925B0B56818B8 – This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examines the effects of capsaicin intake on weight loss among overweight and obese subjects. The study found that capsaicin supplementation resulted in modest reductions in BMI, body weight, and waist circumference, suggesting a potential role for capsaicin in weight management.
https://www.drugs.com/npp/capsicum-peppers.html – This Drugs.com resource provides comprehensive information on capsicum peppers, including their uses, dosage, side effects, and interactions. It serves as a reference for understanding the pharmacological properties and potential health effects of capsicum peppers.