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Chaste Tree Extract

Also known as: Vitex agnus-castus, Chaste tree, Chasteberry, Monk's pepper

Overview

Vitex agnus-castus, commonly known as chaste tree, is a plant native to the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia. The berries, leaves, and flowers of the plant are utilized in herbal medicine, primarily to alleviate symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and breast pain associated with the menstrual cycle. The extract is rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses support its efficacy, although some studies have methodological limitations such as small sample sizes and variability in preparations. It is considered a moderately to highly researched supplement. Standardized extracts are generally preferred due to their consistent bioactive compound content.

Benefits

Chaste tree extract is primarily used to reduce PMS symptoms. A meta-analysis indicated that women taking chaste tree extract were 2.57 times more likely to experience symptom remission compared to those taking a placebo (95% CI 1.52-4.35). Some studies suggest it is comparable to fluoxetine for PMDD symptoms, although results are mixed. Secondary benefits include reducing breast pain associated with the menstrual cycle and improving symptoms of latent hyperprolactinemia. It may also normalize a shortened luteal phase and increase mid-luteal progesterone and 17β-oestradiol levels. These benefits are primarily observed in women experiencing PMS and PMDD symptoms, as well as those with latent hyperprolactinemia and cyclic mastalgia. Benefits are typically observed after several menstrual cycles.

How it works

Chaste tree extract is believed to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, primarily by affecting dopamine and serotonin levels, which in turn influence prolactin secretion. It interacts with the endocrine system, specifically affecting the menstrual cycle and hormone regulation. While the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated, it is thought to interact with dopamine receptors and influence the secretion of prolactin and other hormones. The bioavailability of chaste tree extract components is generally good, especially when standardized extracts are used.

Side effects

Chaste tree extract is generally considered safe, with mild and infrequent adverse events reported in clinical trials. Common side effects (greater than 5%) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and stomach pain, as well as headaches and dizziness. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) include allergic reactions, skin rashes, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Rare side effects (less than 1%) include severe allergic reactions. Potential drug interactions exist with dopamine antagonists and other medications affecting the central nervous system. Caution is advised when used with hormonal contraceptives or other hormonal therapies. Contraindications include pregnancy and breastfeeding due to a lack of sufficient safety data, as well as concomitant use with certain medications, especially those affecting hormone levels or dopamine pathways. Women with a history of hormone-sensitive cancers should use with caution, and individuals with known allergies to plants in the Verbenaceae family should avoid use.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose is typically 500-1000 mg of standardized extract per day, although dosages can vary based on the specific preparation and study. Optimal dosage ranges are generally between 500-2000 mg per day of standardized extracts containing 0.6% aucubin or other bioactive compounds. There is no established maximum safe dose, but doses above 2000 mg per day are not commonly studied and may increase the risk of side effects. It is usually taken once or twice daily, with some studies suggesting continuous use throughout the menstrual cycle for optimal benefits. Standardized extracts are recommended over ground berries or other non-standardized forms due to their superior efficacy and study quality. No specific cofactors are required, but a balanced diet and adequate hydration are recommended for optimal absorption and efficacy.

FAQs

How long does it take to see benefits?

Benefits are typically observed after several menstrual cycles of consistent use.

Can it be used with other medications?

Caution is advised, especially with hormonal contraceptives or dopamine antagonists. Consult with a healthcare provider.

Is it safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

No, chaste tree extract is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data.

What are the common side effects?

Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches, and dizziness. These are generally mild and infrequent.

Is chaste tree a hormone?

No, it is a herbal supplement that influences hormone regulation but is not a hormone itself.

Research Sources

https://drtorihudson.com/botanicals/chaste-tree-effective-for-pms-in-meta-analysis/ – This meta-analysis, including 17 RCTs, found that chaste tree extract was superior to placebo in 9 out of 10 studies and comparable to oral contraceptives and fluoxetine in some studies for PMS. The analysis noted variability in dosages and preparations, and some studies suggested possible bias, but the overall quality was high, especially in double-blinded studies.
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/8/1137 – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 3 RCTs involving 520 females found that women taking chaste tree extract were 2.57 times more likely to experience symptom remission compared to placebo (95% CI 1.52-4.35). The review highlighted the need for more trials following CONSORT recommendations, but the overall quality was high, adhering to PRISMA guidelines and CONSORT recommendations.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780016/ – This systematic review of 13 RCTs found that chaste tree extract was superior to placebo in reducing PMS symptoms, comparable to fluoxetine in some PMDD studies, and beneficial for latent hyperprolactinemia. The review noted that the methodological quality varied and some studies had small sample sizes, but the overall quality was moderate to high, with some limitations in study design and reporting.
https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chasteberry – This resource provides general information about chasteberry, including its uses for menstrual problems and menopause symptoms. It also discusses potential side effects and cautions, such as avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23136064/ – This study investigates the effects of Vitex agnus castus on premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It provides insights into the efficacy and safety of the herbal remedy for managing PMS symptoms.