Citrus Aurantium Extract
Also known as: Citrus aurantium, Bitter orange, Seville orange
Overview
Citrus aurantium, commonly known as bitter orange or Seville orange, is a plant whose peel and extracts are used in dietary supplements. It is naturally rich in bioactive compounds, most notably synephrine, a stimulant similar in structure to ephedrine. Primarily, Citrus aurantium is marketed for weight loss and sports performance enhancement. It is believed to increase metabolism and fat burning. However, the evidence supporting these claims is mixed, and the benefits are not consistently demonstrated across studies. The quality of available evidence is variable, with some studies showing potential benefits but also raising concerns about safety and adulteration. Due to these concerns, caution is advised when using Citrus aurantium supplements, especially in combination with other stimulants.
Benefits
Citrus aurantium is primarily promoted for weight loss and increased energy. However, the evidence supporting these benefits is mixed. Some studies suggest a potential for improved athletic performance, although this is less well-studied. The effect sizes observed in studies are generally small to moderate, and the clinical significance is uncertain due to variability in study quality. Short-term benefits may be observed, but long-term effects are less clear. The effectiveness of Citrus aurantium may vary among individuals, and it may be more effective in certain populations, such as athletes, although further research is needed to confirm this.
How it works
Citrus aurantium acts as a stimulant, potentially increasing metabolism and fat burning through its interaction with adrenergic receptors. The primary biological pathways involve the activation of adrenergic receptors, particularly alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors, which affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Synephrine, the main active compound, is absorbed orally, but its bioavailability can vary based on the formulation of the supplement and individual factors. This interaction can lead to increased energy expenditure and lipolysis, contributing to the purported weight loss effects.
Side effects
Safety concerns exist regarding Citrus aurantium, particularly concerning cardiovascular effects, especially when combined with other stimulants like caffeine. Common side effects include anxiety, insomnia, increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure. Uncommon side effects may include headaches and nausea. In rare cases, severe cardiovascular events have been reported. Citrus aurantium should be avoided with other stimulants and certain medications, such as MAOIs. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and individuals with certain cardiovascular conditions. Caution is advised in individuals with hypertension or pre-existing heart conditions. Due to the potential for adulteration, it is crucial to source Citrus aurantium supplements from reputable manufacturers.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of synephrine from Citrus aurantium is typically around 10-20 mg per serving. Optimal dosage ranges are between 10-50 mg per day, although this is not well-established. Exceeding 50 mg per day may increase the risk of adverse effects. It is best taken before meals or workouts. Citrus aurantium is often found in capsule or powder form. Absorption may be influenced by food intake and individual metabolism. There are no specifically identified required cofactors. Due to the potential for adverse effects, it is advisable to start with a low dose and gradually increase as tolerated, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
FAQs
How should I use Citrus aurantium?
Use cautiously and under medical supervision, especially if you have underlying health conditions. Start with a low dose to assess tolerance and avoid combining with other stimulants.
Is Citrus aurantium safe?
Safety concerns exist, particularly regarding cardiovascular effects. Avoid if you have cardiovascular issues or are taking other stimulants. Consult a healthcare professional before use.
When is the best time to take Citrus aurantium?
It is best taken in the morning or before workouts to potentially enhance energy levels. Avoid taking it close to bedtime to prevent insomnia.
What results can I expect from Citrus aurantium?
Results are variable. Some may experience weight loss and increased energy, but potential side effects exist. It is not a guaranteed solution and should be part of a comprehensive approach.
Is Citrus aurantium a safe alternative to ephedrine?
It is often mistakenly believed to be safer due to its natural origin. However, it still carries risks and should be used with caution, especially given concerns about adulteration.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.822678/full – This meta-analysis of human clinical trials focusing on synephrine from Citrus aurantium reveals mixed results regarding efficacy and safety. The study highlights concerns about adulteration and potential cardiovascular risks associated with Citrus aurantium use. The quality of the evidence is considered moderate due to heterogeneity and safety concerns.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32497396/ – An analytical study of fifty-nine dietary supplements containing bitter orange found that many products contained higher than expected levels of amines, including synthetic compounds not permitted in dietary supplements. This indicates a significant issue with product adulteration in the Citrus aurantium supplement market. While the study is high in analytical accuracy, its scope is limited to product adulteration rather than health effects.
- https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4knE6J67/ – This systematic review examines various studies on Citrus species, including Citrus aurantium, and suggests that Citrus extracts may have beneficial effects on lipid profiles. However, the evidence is not specific to Citrus aurantium, and there is high heterogeneity among the studies. The quality assessment is moderate due to these limitations.
- https://revistabionatura.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/revista2021-2.pdf – This research provides additional context regarding the properties and potential applications of Citrus aurantium. Further details about the specific findings and methodologies used in the study would be needed to provide a more comprehensive summary.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235672/ – This study provides further insights into the composition and potential effects of Citrus aurantium. Additional details about the specific findings and methodologies used in the study would be needed to provide a more comprehensive summary.
