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Copper Bisglycinate

Also known as: Copper bisglycinate, copper glycinate, copper bis-glycinate chelate

Overview

Copper bisglycinate is an organic chelated form of copper, where a copper ion is bound to two glycine molecules. This chelation is designed to enhance the bioavailability of copper compared to inorganic copper salts like copper sulfate. Copper is an essential trace element vital for numerous physiological processes, including enzymatic reactions, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and immune system function. As a supplement, copper bisglycinate is primarily utilized to prevent or treat copper deficiency, supporting overall metabolic health and immune function. While research on copper bisglycinate is still emerging, initial in vitro and animal studies suggest improved absorption and potential immunomodulatory effects. However, comprehensive human clinical trials and systematic reviews specifically focusing on copper bisglycinate are currently limited, indicating a need for further research to fully establish its clinical efficacy and optimal usage in humans.

Benefits

Copper bisglycinate offers several potential benefits, primarily centered around its enhanced bioavailability and the essential roles of copper in the body. Animal studies have demonstrated that copper bisglycinate exhibits improved bioavailability compared to inorganic copper sulfate, suggesting more efficient absorption and utilization within the body. This enhanced absorption is crucial for effectively addressing copper deficiencies. Copper is a vital cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which plays a critical role in defending the body against oxidative stress and supporting cellular respiration. In vitro studies have also indicated that copper bisglycinate may modulate immune cell function, although its effects on epithelial cells and direct reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not significant in these specific contexts. While these findings are promising, it's important to note that direct human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with clinical endpoints specifically for copper bisglycinate are currently lacking, meaning most evidence for its benefits is derived from animal models and in vitro research.

How it works

Copper bisglycinate functions by delivering copper ions in a chelated form, which is believed to enhance intestinal absorption. The chelation with glycine molecules may protect the copper from antagonists and degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, leading to improved uptake into the bloodstream. Once absorbed, copper acts as a crucial cofactor for various enzymes essential for metabolic processes. For instance, it is vital for cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme involved in mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Copper is also a key component of superoxide dismutase (SOD), a powerful antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes harmful free radicals, thereby contributing to cellular defense against oxidative stress. Furthermore, copper influences immune cell function and helps maintain redox balance, potentially modulating inflammatory responses within the body.

Side effects

Copper supplementation, including copper bisglycinate, is generally considered safe when taken within recommended dosages. However, copper can be toxic at high levels, leading to adverse effects. While no specific adverse effects directly attributable to copper bisglycinate were reported in the available studies, general copper toxicity can manifest as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage, kidney dysfunction, and neurological issues. Individuals with pre-existing copper metabolism disorders, such as Wilson's disease, should exercise extreme caution and avoid copper supplementation unless specifically advised and monitored by a healthcare professional, as they are at a significantly higher risk of copper accumulation and toxicity. Copper can also interact with certain medications. A moderate interaction exists with penicillamine, a chelating agent used to treat Wilson's disease, as it can reduce copper levels. Additionally, contraceptive drugs may potentially increase copper levels in the body, warranting monitoring if copper supplements are used concurrently. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications, to ensure safety and prevent potential interactions.

Dosage

Specific dosing guidelines for copper bisglycinate in humans are not yet well-established due to the limited number of human clinical trials. The US Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for copper in adults is approximately 0.9 mg per day. However, the bioavailability of chelated forms like copper bisglycinate may differ from inorganic copper, potentially requiring different dosages to achieve the same physiological effect. Animal studies have utilized doses equivalent to 5-10 mg of supplemental copper per kilogram of dry matter, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to human dosing. Without clear human data, it is prudent to adhere to general copper supplementation guidelines and avoid exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for copper, which is 10 mg per day for adults, to prevent toxicity. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine an appropriate and safe dosage based on individual needs, dietary intake, and any existing copper status or health conditions.

FAQs

Is copper bisglycinate better absorbed than copper sulfate?

Yes, animal studies indicate that copper bisglycinate shows higher bioavailability compared to inorganic copper sulfate, suggesting more efficient absorption and utilization in the body.

Does copper bisglycinate reduce oxidative stress?

While copper is a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes, in vitro evidence for copper bisglycinate's direct reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelial cells is inconclusive. It may modulate immune cells, but direct antioxidant effects are not strongly established.

Is it safe to take copper bisglycinate with other medications?

Moderate interactions exist with penicillamine and contraceptive drugs. Penicillamine can reduce copper levels, while contraceptives might increase them. Monitoring by a healthcare professional is recommended if taken concurrently.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11944375/ – This in vitro study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of copper bisglycinate on human epithelial and immune cell lines. It found that copper bisglycinate modulated immune cell function but did not significantly affect epithelial cells or reduce reactive oxygen species, indicating specific cellular interactions.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8188816/ – This randomized controlled trial in Angus-cross steers compared the relative bioavailability of organic bis-glycinate bound copper versus copper sulfate. The study concluded that copper bisglycinate demonstrated comparable or superior bioavailability to copper sulfate, suggesting better absorption in an animal model.
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-902/copper – This source provides general information on copper, including its uses, side effects, and interactions. It serves as a reference for the broader context of copper supplementation and its safety profile.