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European Elderberry Extract

Also known as: Sambucus nigra, European Elderberry, Black Elderberry

Overview

European Elderberry (*Sambucus nigra*) is a plant native to Europe, western and central Asia, and North Africa. The fruit, flowers, and berries are used in various medicinal and culinary applications. It is traditionally used to treat colds and has modern applications as an antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. The extract is rich in anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-sambubioside), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin), and other polyphenols. Research maturity is moderate to high, with several clinical trials and systematic reviews. The quality of available evidence is generally good, with well-conducted RCTs and meta-analyses, although variability in extract composition and study methodologies can affect consistency. It is available in liquid and spray-dried extract forms.

Benefits

European Elderberry extract has demonstrated antiviral properties, particularly against SARS-CoV-2, with in vitro studies showing significant inhibition of viral replication. It is also effective in treating upper respiratory symptoms, as indicated by meta-analyses of RCTs. The extract's antioxidant capacity, due to its high anthocyanin content, helps counteract oxidative stress and inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests potential antibacterial and anti-diabetic effects, though further research is needed. Benefits are generally observed across various populations, with antiviral effects potentially occurring within hours to days of treatment initiation. The clinical significance of its antiviral effects is notable, with IC50 values indicating potent inhibition of viral replication.

How it works

The antiviral effects of European Elderberry are believed to be mediated through the inhibition of viral proteases, such as papain-like protease and 3CLpro, possibly interfering with later stages of the viral replication cycle. The polyphenols in elderberry extract interact with various body systems, including the immune system and vascular endothelium, to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific molecular targets include viral proteases and cellular pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. These interactions contribute to the extract's ability to modulate immune responses and reduce oxidative damage.

Side effects

European Elderberry extract is generally considered safe when used appropriately, though long-term safety data is limited. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Uncommon side effects include allergic reactions, though these are rare. Severe allergic reactions and potential interactions with certain medications are rare. It may interact with diabetes medications, blood thinners, and immunosuppressants due to its bioactive compounds. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to limited safety data. Children and the elderly should use it under medical supervision due to limited specific studies. Caution is advised in individuals with autoimmune disorders due to its potential immunomodulatory effects.

Dosage

Typically, standardized extracts with a minimum of 3.2% anthocyanin content are used. Doses range from 500 mg to 1000 mg per day, often divided into multiple administrations. For antiviral effects, doses corresponding to 100-200 mg of anthocyanins per day have been effective. The maximum safe dose is not well-defined, but doses up to 3 times daily of 5 ml (containing 89 g of extract per 100 g of liquid) have been used without significant adverse effects. For acute viral infections, immediate and consistent dosing is recommended. Liquid or spray-dried extracts are common, with the latter often preferred for stability and ease of use. Bioavailability can be enhanced with appropriate extraction and formulation methods, such as using a mixture of solvents like ethanol and water.

FAQs

Is European Elderberry extract safe?

Generally safe, but caution is advised in special populations and with potential drug interactions. Consult a healthcare provider before use, especially if pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking medications.

When and how should I take it?

Dosing should be consistent and initiated early in the course of illness for optimal effect. Follow the recommended dosage on the product label or as advised by a healthcare professional.

What results can I expect?

For antiviral uses, expect a rapid reduction in viral load and symptoms. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects may take longer to manifest. Individual results may vary.

Is it a substitute for medical treatment?

No, it is not a substitute for medical treatment. It should be used under medical supervision, especially in special populations, and in conjunction with other prescribed treatments.

Research Sources

https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/3/1/7 – This in vitro study demonstrated that European Elderberry extract inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in various human cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 1:200 to 1:800. The study highlights the potential antiviral properties of the extract against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting its possible use as a complementary treatment.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-sambucus-nigra-l-fructus_en.pdf – This assessment report includes multiple clinical studies and indicates that Elderberry extract is effective in treating upper respiratory symptoms and is generally safe with minimal adverse effects. The report provides a comprehensive review of the available evidence, supporting the traditional use of elderberry for respiratory ailments.
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/e/embase+psychinfo+cinahl – This link directs to a search portal for scientific databases, including Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. It is a resource for finding research related to elderberry, but does not provide a specific study or summary directly.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2288 – This review article provides a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of elderberry extracts, highlighting their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. The review offers a comprehensive overview of the bioactive compounds and their health benefits, supporting the use of elderberry in various applications.
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3148 – This study investigates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of elderberry extracts. It provides evidence supporting the role of elderberry in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to its potential health benefits.