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Jerusalem Artichoke Fiber

Also known as: Jerusalem artichoke, sunchoke, earth apple, Helianthus tuberosus L.

Overview

Jerusalem artichoke fiber, derived from *Helianthus tuberosus L.* tubers, is a prebiotic dietary fiber primarily composed of inulin-type fructo-oligosaccharides. It is available in various forms, including raw tubers, processed powders, and extracts. Characterized by its high soluble fiber content (20.8–21.6 g% in processed powder) and significant inulin content (43–83% dry matter), this fiber exhibits low viscosity in enteral formulas and high fermentability in the gut. Research suggests potential benefits for gastrointestinal health, such as diarrhea management and constipation relief, as well as metabolic support through postprandial glucose modulation. However, the evidence quality is considered moderate for GI benefits and limited for metabolic effects due to small sample sizes and short study durations. Its prebiotic nature promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, contributing to overall digestive wellness.

Benefits

Jerusalem artichoke fiber demonstrates notable benefits for gastrointestinal health. Studies indicate a 63.6% resolution of diarrhea in ICU patients within five days when administered at 2g/100mL in enteral formulas. Furthermore, its β-fructan content has been shown to increase stool frequency, as evidenced by a meta-analysis with a standardized mean difference of +0.45 (95% CI 0.15–0.75). Secondary benefits include potential postprandial glucose reduction, observed in a single-dose study involving prediabetic individuals, which showed reduced glucose levels and GIP. These benefits are particularly relevant for ICU patients, prediabetics, and potentially pregnant women, based on broader fiber studies. The evidence supporting these benefits varies, with stronger support for GI effects and preliminary evidence for metabolic benefits.

How it works

Jerusalem artichoke fiber functions primarily as a prebiotic, with its inulin content being metabolized by gut microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This fermentation process supports the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon. As a soluble fiber, it also increases water retention in the stool, aiding in osmotic regulation and promoting bowel regularity. Additionally, it may modulate glucose levels by delaying carbohydrate absorption through increased viscosity and suppression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Being non-digestible in the upper gastrointestinal tract, it reaches the colon intact, where it undergoes fermentation, exerting its prebiotic effects.

Side effects

The consumption of Jerusalem artichoke fiber may lead to some side effects, the most common being mild bloating, which is generally dose-dependent. In an ICU study, a high gastric residual volume was observed in 27% of patients. Although rare, the possibility of anaphylaxis should be considered, though no cases have been reported in the reviewed studies. It may interact with rapid glucose-lowering medications, potentially interfering with their efficacy. Contraindications include conditions such as gastroparesis and intestinal strictures. It is important to start with low doses to assess tolerance and gradually increase intake. Individuals with sensitive digestive systems should exercise caution. While generally safe, awareness of these potential adverse effects is crucial for informed usage.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of Jerusalem artichoke fiber, specifically in an ICU setting, is 2g/100mL in enteral formulas. For general prebiotic use, an optimal range of 5–15g/day is suggested, extrapolated from β-fructan data. The maximum safe dose is considered to be ≤20g/day, representing the tolerability threshold for fructans. For glucose modulation effects, it is recommended to consume it with meals. While powder form is preferred for clinical applications, raw tubers can be incorporated into the diet for general intake. Individual tolerance should be considered, and it is advisable to start with a lower dose and gradually increase to the desired level.

FAQs

How quickly does it work for diarrhea?

In ICU patients, improvements were observed by day 2, with peak effects by day 5 when administered in enteral formulas.

Is it safe during pregnancy?

While direct data is lacking, general fiber safety during pregnancy is supported by existing research, suggesting it is likely safe in moderation.

How does it compare to psyllium?

Compared to psyllium, Jerusalem artichoke fiber is less viscous, more fermentable, and has a lower stool-bulking capacity, offering a different profile of digestive benefits.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7751032/ – This pilot RCT (n=11) investigated the use of Jerusalem artichoke fiber in ICU patients experiencing diarrhea. The study found a 63.6% diarrhea resolution rate at 5 days (p<0.01), suggesting a potential benefit. However, the study was unblinded and lacked a placebo control, limiting the strength of the findings.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/91 – This systematic review (14 RCTs) examined the effects of β-fructans on bowel regularity. The meta-analysis revealed that β-fructans increased stool frequency (SMD +0.45, p<0.01), indicating a positive impact on constipation. The review acknowledges heterogeneity in fiber types as a limitation.
https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/7870 – This acute intervention study explored the impact of Jerusalem artichoke fiber on glucose modulation in prediabetic individuals. Results showed a reduction in postprandial glucose (p<0.05) and GIP levels, suggesting a potential role in managing blood sugar. The study's limitations include its single-dose design and small sample size.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/fo/d3fo05120j – This research explores the potential of Jerusalem artichoke fiber in various food applications. It highlights the fiber's prebiotic properties and its ability to enhance the nutritional profile of food products. The study suggests that incorporating Jerusalem artichoke fiber can improve gut health and overall well-being.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7750793/ – This review discusses the potential health benefits of inulin and oligofructose, which are major components of Jerusalem artichoke fiber. It highlights their role in promoting gut health, improving mineral absorption, and modulating the immune system. The review emphasizes the importance of further research to fully understand the mechanisms and applications of these prebiotics.