organic Rice
Also known as: Oryza sativa (fermented with Monascus purpureus), RYR extract, Organic Rice (general term for rice cultivated without synthetic pesticides/fertilizers), Red Yeast Rice
Overview
Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is a fermented product derived from the rice species *Oryza sativa* inoculated with the mold *Monascus purpureus*. Traditionally used in East Asia, it is now recognized as a nutraceutical primarily utilized for managing hypercholesterolemia and improving lipid profiles. The active compounds in RYR are monacolins, with monacolin K being chemically identical to the statin drug lovastatin. These compounds are responsible for its cholesterol-lowering effects. While 'organic rice' refers to rice grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers and is a staple food with general nutritional benefits, it is distinct from Red Yeast Rice, which is specifically processed for its medicinal properties. RYR has been extensively studied, with a high level of research maturity, including numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses confirming its efficacy and safety in lipid management.
Benefits
Red Yeast Rice (RYR) extract significantly reduces total cholesterol by approximately 37.4 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol by about 35.8 mg/dL, as evidenced by a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 double-blinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These reductions are clinically meaningful and comparable to low-dose statin therapy, making RYR a viable alternative for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia or those intolerant to statins. Another meta-analysis of 15 high-quality RCTs confirmed that RYR doses ranging from 200–4800 mg daily effectively lower blood lipids, including triglycerides, with a good safety profile. While some studies suggest potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, these require further validation. The benefits are primarily documented in adults with hypercholesterolemia, with lipid improvements typically observed within 4 to 24 weeks of intervention. No significant effects on HDL cholesterol or apolipoproteins A-I and B have been consistently observed.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action for Red Yeast Rice (RYR) involves its active compound, monacolin K. Monacolin K is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. By inhibiting this enzyme, RYR effectively reduces the liver's endogenous production of cholesterol. This leads to a decrease in circulating LDL cholesterol levels. The primary interaction is with the hepatic system, specifically targeting cholesterol synthesis. Monacolin K is absorbed orally, and its bioavailability can vary depending on the specific formulation and whether it is consumed with food.
Side effects
Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is generally considered safe for short-term use, with a low incidence of serious adverse effects. Common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, include mild gastrointestinal discomfort and headache. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of users, involve muscle pain or weakness, similar to statin-associated myopathy but typically less frequent and severe. Rare side effects, occurring in less than 1% of cases, can include elevations in liver enzymes and, very rarely, rhabdomyolysis. RYR has potential drug interactions with other lipid-lowering drugs, CYP3A4 inhibitors, and anticoagulants, which could increase the risk of adverse effects. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, individuals with active liver disease, and those with a known intolerance to statins. Caution is advised for special populations such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women due to limited safety data.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose for Red Yeast Rice (RYR) extract is approximately 200 mg daily. Optimal dosage ranges from 200 mg to 4800 mg daily, with most clinical studies utilizing doses around 1200 mg per day, standardized to their monacolin content. The maximum safe dose has not been firmly established, and doses above 4800 mg have not been extensively studied. RYR is typically taken once or twice daily, preferably with meals, to enhance absorption and minimize potential gastrointestinal side effects. For best results, standardized extracts with a quantified monacolin K content are recommended. While no specific cofactors are required, monitoring liver function is advisable during RYR supplementation. Fat-containing meals may improve the absorption of monacolin K.
FAQs
Is organic rice the same as red yeast rice?
No, organic rice is simply rice grown without synthetic chemicals. Red yeast rice is a fermented product of rice that contains active lipid-lowering compounds, making it a distinct supplement.
Is red yeast rice safe for long-term use?
Short- to medium-term use of red yeast rice appears safe based on current research. However, long-term safety, especially regarding potential side effects and interactions, requires further comprehensive study.
Can red yeast rice replace statins?
Red yeast rice may serve as an alternative for individuals with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia or those who are intolerant to statins. However, its use should always be under medical supervision.
Does red yeast rice raise HDL cholesterol?
Current evidence does not consistently show that red yeast rice significantly increases HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. Its primary effect is on reducing LDL and total cholesterol.
Are there risks of contamination in red yeast rice supplements?
Yes, some red yeast rice products may contain citrinin, a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. It is crucial to choose supplements from reputable manufacturers that ensure quality control and test for contaminants.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38794691/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 double-blinded RCTs found that Red Yeast Rice extract significantly reduced total cholesterol by 37.43 mg/dL and LDL-C by 35.82 mg/dL. The study concluded that RYR is effective for lipid lowering with no increase in life-threatening side effects, despite heterogeneity in monacolin content and study populations.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.819482/full – This meta-analysis of 15 high-quality RCTs confirmed the efficacy of Red Yeast Rice in lowering blood lipids, including triglycerides, across doses of 200–4800 mg daily. The study highlighted RYR's good safety profile but recommended further long-term studies to fully assess its extended use.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.01449/full – This systematic review examined traditional uses and clinical data on Red Yeast Rice. It confirmed significant LDL reduction and low toxicity, emphasizing the need for standardized preparations and vigilant monitoring for potential contaminants like citrinin to ensure product safety and efficacy.
Supplements Containing organic Rice
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