Red Rice Extract
Also known as: Red Yeast Rice, Red Rice Extract, Hong Qu
Overview
Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is a dietary supplement derived from fermented rice using the fungus *Monascus purpureus*. Traditionally used in Asian cuisine and medicine, it is rich in monacolins, with monacolin K being chemically similar to lovastatin, a well-known statin. RYR is primarily utilized for its lipid-lowering properties, notably in reducing total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses underscore its efficacy and safety in managing hyperlipidemia. Available in forms such as capsules and tablets, Red Yeast Rice is considered a well-studied supplement supported by high-quality research, focusing on its application in cardiovascular health management.
Benefits
Red Yeast Rice is effective in significantly lowering total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), with a meta-analysis indicating an average reduction of 37.43 mg/dL in TC and 35.82 mg/dL in LDL-C. It may also provide secondary benefits by reducing triglycerides (TG) and apolipoprotein B (apoB). Individuals with hypercholesterolemia see the most significant benefits, with statistically significant reductions observed within weeks of starting supplementation. The body of evidence, including various high-quality studies, reaffirms RYR's clinical significance in lowering cholesterol levels, thereby helping to manage cardiovascular risk factors.
How it works
Red Yeast Rice works primarily by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver, similar to how statins function. This inhibition leads to decreased cholesterol production and increased uptake of LDL by the liver, reducing circulating LDL-C levels. The bioavailability of monacolins found in RYR can vary based on its formulation, food intake, and individual metabolic factors.
Side effects
Red Yeast Rice is generally regarded as safe with a low risk of serious adverse effects. Commonly reported side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, though they are not frequently seen. Uncommon side effects may include mild musculoskeletal symptoms, which are not statistically significant compared to placebo. Rarely, RYR may lead to liver enzyme elevations. Caution is advised when used alongside statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications due to potential interactions. It is contraindicated in pregnant and breastfeeding individuals and those with liver disease, with special consideration for individuals with kidney issues or those on liver-metabolized medications.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose for Red Yeast Rice typically starts at 200 mg per day, with optimal dosages ranging from 200 to 4800 mg per day, depending on the formulation and individual response. While maximum safe doses are not firmly established, high dosages may increase the risk of side effects. To minimize gastrointestinal discomfort, it is recommended to take RYR with meals. Absorption may vary based on food intake, and no specific cofactors are required for its efficacy.
FAQs
Is Red Yeast Rice safe?
RYR is generally safe but should be used under medical supervision, especially in conjunction with other medications.
When should I take Red Yeast Rice?
RYR is best taken consistently with meals to reduce potential gastrointestinal side effects.
How quickly can I expect results from Red Yeast Rice?
Significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C can typically be observed within weeks of starting supplementation.
Can I replace my prescription medication with Red Yeast Rice?
RYR should not replace prescription medications without medical guidance.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844537/ – A systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 RCTs indicated that Red Yeast Rice is generally safe, demonstrating reductions in non-musculoskeletal and serious adverse events without increasing musculoskeletal disorders.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35111069/ – This meta-analysis of 15 high-quality RCTs confirmed RYR's efficacy in lowering triglycerides and showed it to be comparable to statins in reducing LDL-C, although less effective in lowering total cholesterol.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38794691/ – A recent systematic review reaffirmed Red Yeast Rice's effectiveness in lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C, reporting no significant increase in adverse life-threatening effects.
Supplements Containing Red Rice Extract
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