Sarsaparilla Root Extract
Also known as: Smilax glabra, Smilax aristolochiifolia, Hemidesmus indicus, Sarsaparilla, Smilax, Zarzaparrilla, Chinese sarsaparilla, Mexican sarsaparilla, Indian sarsaparilla
Overview
Sarsaparilla refers to a group of plants from the *Smilax* genus, with *Smilax glabra* being a prominent species. The rhizomes and roots of these plants have been traditionally used for their purported medicinal properties. Historically, sarsaparilla was employed to treat conditions like psoriasis and syphilis. Modern research is exploring its anti-metastatic and hepatoprotective effects, primarily in preclinical studies. The key compounds in sarsaparilla include steroidal saponins like sarsasapogenin, as well as flavonoids and phenolic acids. It is typically prepared as decoctions or tinctures. While traditional use is widespread, rigorous human clinical trials are limited, and the overall evidence quality is considered low, relying heavily on mechanistic and observational studies. Sarsaparilla is available in various forms, including capsules, powders, and liquid extracts.
Benefits
Sarsaparilla has demonstrated several potential benefits, primarily in preclinical studies. *In vitro* studies show that *Smilax glabra* extract (SW) exhibits anti-metastatic activity by reducing TGF-β1-driven migration and invasion in cancer cells. Animal models suggest hepatoprotective effects through antioxidant mechanisms, though human data is lacking. Historically, it has been used for psoriasis management, but modern randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are absent. Saponins present in sarsaparilla may enhance the bioavailability of co-administered compounds, although this remains a mechanistic hypothesis. The strength of evidence for these benefits is generally low, requiring further validation through human clinical trials.
How it works
Sarsaparilla's mechanism of action involves several pathways. It inhibits TGF-β1 signaling by downregulating TGFBR1 expression, which suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a key process in cancer metastasis. Certain *Smilax china* extracts can induce CYP2A6, potentially leading to drug interactions. The anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to saponins, which inhibit NF-κB and COX-2 pathways. Sarsaparilla's impact on bioavailability is thought to be due to saponins acting as natural surfactants, enhancing membrane permeability. However, the precise mechanisms and bioavailability of sarsaparilla's active compounds are not fully characterized.
Side effects
Common side effects of sarsaparilla include gastrointestinal (GI) irritation, which is dose-dependent and related to the saponin content. Uncommon side effects include diuretic effects and allergic reactions. Rarely, occupational asthma can occur from exposure to root dust. Sarsaparilla can interact with several medications. It has been shown to reduce the AUC and Cmax of methotrexate in rats. It may also alter the metabolism of CYP2A6 substrates and increase the absorption risk of digitalis glycosides. Sarsaparilla is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the estrogenic activity observed in *Smilax corbularia*. Safety warnings include potential interactions with nephrotoxic drugs and the need for caution in individuals with pre-existing GI conditions.
Dosage
An effective dose of sarsaparilla in humans is currently undefined due to the lack of human trials. Traditional preparations typically use 1-4g of dried root per day. The maximum safe dose has not been established, but animal studies suggest that doses exceeding 500mg/kg/day may cause GI distress. Water extracts (SW) have shown bioactivity, while alcohol extracts may concentrate saponins. It is generally recommended to divide doses and take them with meals to reduce GI effects. Further research is needed to determine optimal dosage ranges and safety thresholds for specific applications.
FAQs
Does it cause diarrhea?
Yes, high doses of sarsaparilla may cause diarrhea due to the saponin content, which can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. It is advisable to start with lower doses to assess tolerance.
Can it treat cancer?
There is no human evidence to support the use of sarsaparilla for cancer treatment. Anti-metastatic effects have only been demonstrated *in vitro* and in animal models. More research is needed.
Is it safe long-term?
The long-term safety of sarsaparilla is unknown. Traditional use suggests it is safe at culinary doses, but comprehensive studies are lacking. Caution is advised with prolonged use at higher doses.
Does it interact with medications?
Yes, sarsaparilla can interact with medications, particularly CYP2A6 substrates and nephrotoxic drugs. It may also affect the absorption of digitalis glycosides. Consult with a healthcare provider before use.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4351248/ – This *in vitro* and *in vivo* study found that *Smilax glabra* water extract (SW) inhibited TGF-β1 signaling, reducing metastasis in MDA-MB-231 xenografts. The study highlights the potential anti-metastatic properties of sarsaparilla, but notes the need for further research to identify the bioactive fractions and translate these findings to human applications. The research suggests a possible mechanism through which sarsaparilla may impact cancer progression.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10469438/ – This narrative review identified potential CYP-mediated drug interactions and pregnancy risks associated with sarsaparilla use. The review emphasizes the importance of considering these factors when using sarsaparilla as a supplement, particularly in individuals taking other medications or who are pregnant. The findings are primarily based on animal and mechanistic data, highlighting the need for human studies.
- https://consensus.app/results/?q=Does+sarsaparilla+cause+nausea+and+diarrhea+in+some+cases%3F&pro=on – This link directs to a search query regarding the gastrointestinal side effects of sarsaparilla. The search results confirm that nausea and diarrhea are potential side effects in some individuals, particularly at higher doses, due to the saponin content of the herb. This information supports the need for caution and dose management when using sarsaparilla.
- https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/sarsaparilla – This article provides a general overview of sarsaparilla, including its traditional uses and potential health benefits. It highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant, as well as its historical use for skin conditions and joint pain. The article serves as a basic introduction to sarsaparilla and its potential applications.
- https://www.drugs.com/npp/sarsaparilla.html – This resource offers information on sarsaparilla, including its uses, side effects, and interactions. It notes the lack of high-quality clinical trials to support many of its traditional uses and emphasizes the importance of consulting with a healthcare professional before using sarsaparilla. The information is intended for educational purposes and should not be considered medical advice.
